Vol. 53 JULY 1977 No. 3
THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST
JOHNSON — Ecology and Behavior of Acanthoscelides mundulus in seeds of Nissolia schottii (Coleoptera: Bruchidae; Leguminosae)................... 161
HADDOCK — The Effect of Stream Current Velocity on the Habitat Preference ofa Net-Spinning Caddis Fly Larva, Hydropsyche oslari Banks (Trichoptera:
FIYGTODSY.CHI Cae): setev.es-eesrcwea-letoie a vist itiae-. caiua oitreract ante cho) sastiatbne 9) ay sven, lpe 169 DUCKWORTH and EICHLIN — A New Species of Clearwing Moth from Southcentral
Texas (Lepidoptera: Sesiidae)...........2...2 0.0 c eee ee eee 175 DOS PASSOS — A Taxonomic Note on Polygonia fannus arcticus Leussler
(Eepidopteras- Nymphalidae) yc. AF em. x Ste Aer tihenededs oe lari te-e asecque Miegw ¢ 179 YENSEN etal. — A Checklist of Idaho Ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)........... 181 PARKER — Biological Notes on some Mexican Bees (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae,
AnthoOpnonGae)ien cick fi \ccus tee his Use co Srgene are An IIRC aia vas ode ra ebebatboss, Sans 189 PARKER — A New Ashmeadiella from Arizona (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae)....... 193 LEWIS — The Sternidius of Arizona (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) ................. 195 GORDH — A New Species of North American Scotolinx with Taxonomic Notes on the
Genus (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae).............. 0.00 teen eee 205 FIELDS — A New Megaleuctra from California (Plecoptera: Leuctridae) ........... 211 ALLEN — A Review of Ephemerella (Dannella) and the Description of a New Species
(Ephemeroptera: Ephemerellidae) ................ ccc cee ee ees 215 GRIGARICH and SCHUSTER — A New Species of Allobrox Fletcher (Coleoptera:
PSelaniiG ae epee rts Wisner cic eee s eee Fe soc gel das WR oR eR ee a ee 219 BARNARD — Skeletal-Muscular Mechanisms of the Larva of Lucilia sericata (Meigen)
in Relation to Feeding Habit (Diptera: Calliphoridae)..................... 223 CHANDLER and HAGEN — New Synonymy of North American Notoxus (Coleoptera:
PN UKELKC EYE) | 380-4 Gai ert Ne es OR ale Rao re 230
ANNECKE and PRINSLOO — A New Species of Cheiloneurus Westwood, 1833 Parasitic in Ceratina from Tanzania (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae;
ANtHhODNOKGAC) ie. |. cect eRe scaee yee cisco, shoe one Sadlhe crOmeR. cyt age hee 233 WANGBERG — A New Tetrastichus Parasitizing Tephritid Gall-formers on
Chrysothamnus in Idaho (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae)...................05. 237 REG ENE ECA hte etc EI etls Rian, gos 0 vis «a, vaaple Ree ab arate Nees « ace 174, 229 ZOOEOGICALNOMENGEATURE. Src Ale os htt) a ee ele eek 192, 203, 218 SY CUEING I ACN (OU MES ae i, Sak Tt a nes oR naan aN ge ee ga eae 167, 204, 210, 222 NAONTILGTES Sache ants Sis tk AOE IM oy its mi ie oe re ie are eee 2 232, 236
et ebagte «aes as ERAN. Ohigr's Ne bw purging Gare c-. Pata AE 180, 187, 214
SAN FRANCISCO, CALIFORNIA ¢ 1977
Published by the PACIFIC COAST ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY in cooperation with THE CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST
EDITORIAL BOARD T.D. Eichlin, A.R. Hardy, Co-Editors C.M. Walby, Editorial Asst. P.H. Arnaud, Jr., Treasurer H.B. Leech H.V. Daly E.S. Ross E.G. Linsley
Published quarterly in January, April, July and October with Society Proceedings appearing in the January number. All communications regarding nonreceipt of numbers, requests for sample copies, and financial communications should be addressed to the Treasurer, Dr. Paul H. Arnaud, Jr., California Academy of Sciences, Golden Gate Park, San Francisco, California 94118.
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The Pan-Pacific Entomologist
Vol. 53 JULY 1977 No. 3
Ecology and Behavior of Acanthoscelides mundulus in seeds of Nissolia schottii
(Coleoptera: Bruchidae; Leguminosae)
Clarence Dan Johnson Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, 86011
For many years Acanthoscelides mundulus (Sharp) has been known to occur in northern Mexico and southern Arizona since Sharp (1885) described it from Guanajuato, Mexico. It has been collected in Arizona in the Coyote and Baboquivari Mountains in extreme south- ern Pima County (Bottimer, 1961; unpublished field notes). | did not include it in my revision of western U.S. Acanthoscelides (Johnson, 1970) because it has characters which are unique, and probably re- presents a new genus (Bottimer, 1968; J.M. Kingsolver, in litt.). After Kingsolver and Whitehead (1976) reported this species to feed in seeds of Nissolia, | subsequently collected ripe seeds of Nissolia schottii (Torr.) Gray from southern Arizona and Sonora, Mexico, and reared many A. mundulus from these seeds. The ecology and behavior of A. mundulus are reported below.
Although A. mundaulus is not considered by some bruchid systemat- ists to be an Acanthoscelides, it is similar to species in that genus and its host, Nissolia schottii, is in the subfamily Papilionoideae, the sub- family whose seeds are used by most species of Acanthoscelides. Thus, although differing from species of Acanthoscelides, it is similar to species in the genus both morphologically and ecologically.
Acknowledgments
| thank Margaret Johnson and Rod Johnson for assisting with the collection of seeds and Ellen Conroy and Joel Floyd for helping with cultures in the laboratory. | am grateful to J.L. Strother for identifying the Mexican plants for me. Partial support for collecting was provided The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 53:161-167. July 1977.
162 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST
Fig. 1. Fruit of Nissolia schottii showing egg (a) and exit hole (b) of Acanthoscelides mundulus. Note large, veined wing on right side of fruit. Fig. 2. Seeds of Nissolia schottii. A larva of Acanthoscelides mundulus consumes one seed, including much of the seed coat.
by the Insect Identification and Beneficial Insect Introduction Institute, U.S. Department of Agriculture, under Grant 12-14-100-9970 (33).
Results and Discussion
Rearing data presented in this paper were accumulated using the methods of Johnson (1970). C.D. Johnson is abbreviated CDJ.
Nissolia schottii is a fairly common herbaceous vine, with a distribu- tion in the Rincon, Santa Catalina, Tucson, Coyote and Baboquivari Mountains, Arizona, south to Alamos, Sonora, and Baja California, Mexico. In Arizona it occurs in the Sonoran Desert Scrub — Arizona Upland Subdivision and the Plains and Desert Grassland of Lowe and Brown (1973). In Mexico | have collected it in the Plains of Sonora, the Central Gulf Coast and the Arizona Upland of Shreve and Wiggins (1964) and in the Tropical Deciduous Forest near Alamos. It grows through and over shrubs and trees. Although it grows at elevations from 2,500’ to 4,000’ in Arizona, | have collected it at sea level near Bahia San Carlos, Sonora. The fruits of this species are 1-, 2- or 3- seeded, flat, and have a leaflike, terminal wing often much larger than the body of the fruit (Fig. 1). A terminal wing on alegume fruit is unusual and probably is a modification for wind dispersal of the fruits. The fruits are indehiscent and when mature have elongate rid- ges. The pods are 22-25 mm long, the wing is 7.0-7.5 mm wide, and the
VOL. 53, NO. 3, JULY 1977 163
Table 1. Emergence data for Acanthoscelides mundulus in seeds of Nissolia schottii.
number number Date bruchids wasps
Culture # Emerged by emerged emerged 76-76 28-X-76 0 1 29-X-76 1 0 1-X1-76 3 1 2-XI-76 2 0 8-X1-76 0 3 10-XI-76 0 1 12-XI-76 1 3 15-X1-76 1 2 17-XI-76 0 1 16-XI-76 1 1 22-XI|-76 1 0 27-XI-76 1 1 29-XI-76 0 1 6-XI1-76 1 0 8-XII-76 1 0 16-XII-76 1 0 5-|-77 1 0 13-1-77 2 0 82-76 28-X-76 2 7 29-X-76 1 4 1-X1-76 1 2 4-X|-76 4 5 5-XI-76 0 4 8-XI-76 2 3 10-X1-76 1 5 27-XI-76 1 0 23-XII-76 0 1 5-|-77 1 0 120-76 12-1-77 1 0 28-11-77 3 0 30-i1|-77 1 0 27-|V-77 3 0 124-76 20-1-77 4 0 30-11-77 2 0 27-\V-77 1 0 164-76 19-1-77 1 0 24-1-77 3 0 218-76 20-1-77 3 0 24-1-77 1 2 17-11-77 1 0 6-IV-77 2 0
164 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST
Fig. 3. Portion of a fruit of Nissolia schottii showing egg (a) with whitish material in it and exit hole (b) of Acanthoscelides mundulus. Fig. 4. Fruit of Nissolia schottii with exit holes (a) of Acanthoscelides mundulus in all three seeds.
portion of the pod containing the seeds is 3.8-4.5 mm wide x 2.5 mm Thick. The small, flat, yellowish seeds (Fig. 2) have a mean size of 3.5 x2.5x 1.4mm.
-Nissolia is in the tribe Hedysareae, subtribe Aeschynomeneae. The only other genus in the subtribe that is known to be a host for bruchids in northwestern Mexico is Aeschynomene, although both Desmodium (Desmodieae) and Stylosanthes (Stylosantheae) of the tribe Hedysareae are known hosts for bruchids in North America. (I follow the classification of the legumes by Heywood, 1971).
Adult A. mundulus apparently feed on pollen and nectar because | have swept them from flowers.of Acacia angustissima and the larval host, Nissolia schottii. The adults apparently only need water to complete their life cycle as A. mundulus has completed 2 adult gene- rations in the laboratory with only tap water supplied to them.
Of ten samples of N. schottii fruits collected in October and December 1976, six samples were fed upon by A. mundulus (Tables 1, 2, 3). The four samples not attacked were collected from Sonora, Mexico, well within the range of A. mundulus. All fruits in these samples were mature. One fruit in one of the samples which did not yield adult bruchids had a bruchid exit hole but none of the fruits in the four samples had bruchid eggs attached to them.
Several seeds and fruits fed upon by A. mundulus were examined and dissected to learn more about the life history of the bruchid. Oviposition occurs over the surface of the pod containing the seeds when A. mundulus is kept in culture (Figs. 1, 3) but oviposition in
VOL. 53, NO.°3, JULY 1977 165
Table 2. Host plants and collection localities of Acanthoscelides mundulus.
Old Record: Kingsolver and Whitehead, 1976: Nissolia seeds
New Records: Nissolia schottii (Torr.) Gray: Arizona. Pima Co.: ca. 3800’, W side Coyote Mts., 15-X-76 (CDJ #76-76); ca. 2600’, 2.3 mi S Sells, 15-X-76 (CDJ #82-76). Mexico. Sonora: 3 mi W San Carlos Bay, 20-XII-76 (CDJ #120-76); 1 mi W San Carlos Bay, 20-XII-76 (CDJ #124- 76); 900’, 13 mi NW Alamos, 23-XII-76 (CDJ #164-76); ca. 2800’, 8 mi S Benjamin Hill, 28-XIl- 76 (CDJ #218-76).
nature usually occurs where the wing joins the fruit. The egg is glued directly to the fruit (Fig. 1a, 3a) and is surrounded by a flange of glue similar to that of Amblycerus vitis (Johnson and Kingsolver 1975). The egg of A. mundulus differs in that the entire egg is glued to the fruit surface whereas the flange of A. vitis is usually the only portion in contact with the fruit. The sticky flange of A. mundulus no doubt allows better adherence to the uneven surface of the pod valve. In culture, three to eight eggs are oviposited on the pods but only one adult emerges from each seed. As with other bruchids, cannibalism apparently occurs amongst the larvae.
The larvae enter the fruit directly beneath the egg, leaving a whitish material inside the egg chorion (Fig. 3a). A larva feeds inside one seed consuming not only the seed contents but much of the seed coat as well. It then pupates inside the seed remnants and emerges through a typical round exit hole (Fig. 1b, 3b). In seeds kept in culture it is common for each seed in a pod to be fed upon by a bruchid; one pod with three seeds even had bruchid exit holes in all three seeds (Fig. 4a).
Initial emergence of A. mundulus.collected in Arizona commenced about two weeks after seed collection (Table 1) and continued for about two months. Those collected in Mexico followed a similar pattern but the emergence period was from six days to about 3.5 months. There are no peaks of emergence as with some other bruchids but rather emergence over a relatively long period.
The initial x infestation is a fairly low 2.9% except that culture 124- 76 had 27% of its seeds attacked by A. mundulus (Table 3). If all seeds of N. schottii that were collected are considered (Table 3, all cultures), the percentage of infestation is reduced to 2.3. | hypothesize that these winged fruits are wind dispersed and that most are dispersed after the first wave of bruchids oviposit on the seeds. Thus, N. schottii protects its seeds by producing more seeds than the bruchids can possibly destroy prior to dispersal, another example of predator satiation. A. mundulus from Arizona have continued to breed in experimental cultures for two generations and these cultures are still active at this writing (1 July 1977). If the seeds are not dispersed, then these continuously breeding bruchids would most likely destroy
166 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST
Table 3. Percentage infestation of seeds of Nissolia schottii by Acanthoscelides mundulus.
number of number of percent number of
culture seeds bruchids infestation wasps 76-76 514 17 3.3 15 82-76 492 13 2.6 31 120-76 194 8 4.1 0 124-76 26 7 27.0 0 164-76 69 4 5.8 0 218-76 631 7 1.1 2 Total 1926 56 2.9 48
all
cultures 2433 56 2.3 48
most of them. Because of the low rate of initial infestation, if the seeds are dispersed very far from the parent plant then A. mundulus has very little effect on the population dynamics of this plant.
Another interesting phenomenon about the A. mundulus — N. schottii association is the parasitoids attacking the bruchids. All 15 parasitoids in culture #76-76 were braconid wasps, probably Urosigalphus bruchivorus Crawford as were four of those in #82-76. The other 27 wasps in #82-76 were eulophids, probably Horismenus productus (Ashmead). Removal of the parasitoids from the cultures undoubtedly has allowed the bruchids to produce more offspring in culture. The parasitoids no doubt limit the population numbers of these bruchids in nature. Both species of parasitoids have been reported to use other bruchids as hosts (Center and Johnson, 1976).
About 1250 mature seeds of the other Arizona species of Nissolia, N. wislizeni Gray were collected from a dense stand of the plants on 6 November 1976 at Naco, Cochise County, AZ. No bruchid eggs were found on the seeds nor have adults emerged from these seeds. A. mundulus from #82-76 oviposited freely on these seeds and developed to maturity in them in an experimental culture.
Literature Cited
Bottimer, L.J. 1961. New United States records in Bruchidae, with notes on host plants and rearing procedures (Coleoptera). Ann. Entomol. Soc. Amer. 54:291-298.
Bottimer, L.J. 1968. Notes on Bruchidae of America north of Mexico with a list of world genera. Can. Entomol. 100:1009-1049.
Heywood, V.H. 1971. The Leguminosae — A Systematic Purview in Chemotaxonomy of the Leguminosae, Harborne, J.B., D. Boulter, and B.L. Turner (eds.), Academic Press, London and New York. 612 pp.
VOL. 53, NO. 3, JULY 1977 167
Johnson, C.D. 1970. Biosystematics of the Arizona, California, and Oregon species of the seed beetle genus Acanthoscelides Schilsky (Coleoptera: Bruchidae). Univ. Calif. Publ. Entomol. 59:1-116.
Johnson, C.D. and J.M. Kingsolver. 1975. Ecology and redescription of the Arizona grape bruchid, Amblycerus vitis (Coleoptera). Coleop. Bull. 29:321-331.
Kingsolver, J.M. and D.R. Whitehead. 1976. The North and Central American species of Meibomeus (Coleoptera: Bruchidae: Bruchinae). U.S. Dept. Agric. Tech. Bull. 1523. 54 pp.
Lowe, C.H. and D.E. Brown. 1973. The Natural Vegetation of Arizona. Arizona Resources Information System Cooperative Publ. No. 2, Sims Printing Co., Phoenix, 53 pp.
Sharp, D. 1885. Bruchidae. Biol. Centrali-Americana, Coleoptera, 5:437-504, Tab. 36.
Shreve, F. and I.L. Wiggins. 1964. Vegetation and Flora of the Sonoran Desert. Stanford University Press, Stanford, CA. Vols.-1 and 2. 1740 pp.
SCIENTIFIC NOTE
Immigration of Phyciodes mylitta to Vancouver Island, British Columbia (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae)—The butterfly fauna of southern Vancouver Island, British Columbiais the most thoroughly studied of any area on the west coast of North America except the San Francisco and Los Angeles regions of California. There has been one or more resident Lepidopterist continuously from 1884 to the present, as follows: C. W. Taylor (Victoria & Nanaimo, 1884-1912); W. H. Danby (Victoria, 1890's); C. D. Green (Victoria, 1890's); E. H. Blackmore (Victoria, 71900-1928); E. M. Anderson (Victoria, 1904-1916); G. O. Day (Duncan, 1906-1941); R. V. Harvey (Victoria, 1909-1917); G. A. Hardy (Victoria, 1924-1965); J. F. G. Clarke (Victoria, ?1925-1934); J. R. L. Jones (Duncan, 1931-1953); R. Guppy (Thetis Island, 1944-present).
In all papers up to 1962 discussing the butterflies of Vancouver Island or the province as a whole no mention was made of Phyciodes mylitta (Edwards) occuring on Vancouver Island. Harvey (1907, Ent. Soc. B. C. Quart. Bull. 7:2-3) made specific reference to the absence of P. mylitta on Vancouver Island. No specimens dated earlier than 1958 are known. Thus it would appear that P. mylitta is a species which has managed to immigrate to Vancouver Island in historical times.
This record of colonization of an island by a species of butterfly that was native to the adjacent continental mass appears to be unique for the Pacific Coast of North America. A possible exception is Phoebis sennae L. recorded from Santa Catalina Island (Meadows, 1936, Bull. S. Calif. Scad. Sci. 35:175-180). P. sennae was introduced to Santa Catalina Island. However, it is not known for sure if it is native to the adjacent mainland. The only other species of butterfly known to have colonized any island off the west coast in re- corded history is Pieris rapae (L.), an introduced pest species of European origin.
Therefore it is of interest to pursue the facts concerning presence and food plants of Phyciodes mylitta on Vancouver Island and the adjacent mainland.
Hardy (1962, Proc. Ent. Soc. B. C. 59:14) first published records of P. mylitta on Van- couver Island from ‘“‘the general area of Coldstream’’. Coldstream was a misprint of Gold- stream, a favorite collecting locality of Vancouver Island Lepidopterists. Specimens of P. mylitta in the B.C. Provincial Museum are as follows: Goldstream, Sept. 18, 1961, G. A. Hardy (1d); Thetis Lake, Sept. 2, 1961, G. A. Hardy (19). In 1962, 1963, and 1964 Hardy continued to observe P. mylitta including rearings (Hardy, 1964, Proc. Ent. Soc. B. C. 61:31-36).
The Pacific Forest Research Centre (Victoria) collection contains earlier records of P. mylitta from Vancouver Island. These specimens were all captured at Langford, a sub- division of Victoria, July 23, 1958 to July 27, 1964, D. Evans.
Guppy (1974, J. Lep. Soc. 28(3):223) published further records from Vancouver Island in 1972 and 1973. These include Duncan and Chemainus (40 miles north of Victoria). These records likely represent a northward dispersal from Victoria. J. Jones’ home was at
The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 53:167-168. July 1977.
168 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST
Cobble Hill near Duncan (20 miles north of Victoria). He collected all along the east coast of Vancouver Island north to Parksville (90 miles north of Victoria) until. 1953. Jones never captured P. mylitta at Duncan, Chemainus, or any other. point of Vancouver Island (Jones (1951, Ent. Soc. B. C. Occ. Pap. 1:1-148) and collections of J. Jones at B. C. Provincial Museum and University of British Columbia).
Hardy (1964, above) established the fact that P. mylitta was double brooded and the food plant as Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop. (Canada Thistle), Specimens in the B. C. Provincial Museum indicate that the rearing was done from eggs of females captured at Francis Park, Victoria. These observations are consistent both in number of generations per year and food plant for P. mylitta at adjacent mainland localities of British Columbia and Washington.
There are two native species of Cirsium, C. brevistylum Crong. and C. edule Nutt., on Vancouver Island. However P. mylitta has never been collected at a locality near native Cirsium, which are confined to the foothills and streams, (Moore and Frankton, 1962, Can. J. Bot. 40:1187-1196). Phyciodes mylitta has been found only in open, disturbed park areas where the weed Cirsium arvense is always present. That P. mylitta is always associated with an introduced weed and not native thistles is further evidence that the butterfly is arecent immigrant.
It is also possible that Phyciodes mylitta is not native to the lower mainland of B. C. or the Puget Sound of Washington State. Here the species is also associated with intro- duced Cirsium sp. and has not yet been associated with native Cirsium sp.
Cirsium arvense has been established on the coastal mainland of British Columbia and Washington (Clark and Fletcher, 1909 Farm weeds of Canada, 2nd ed. Can. Dept. Agric. 192 pp.) (Piper, 1906 Flora of the state of Washington. U.S. Nat. Mus. Cont. 11:[1]-637.) since the 1890's. Cirsium arvense has been established on Vancouver Island since at least 1895 (B. C. Prov. Mus. Records). Phyciodes mylitta has been present in Van- couver since at least 1902 (Vancouver, B. C., Aug. 25, 1902, R. V. Harvey, B. C. Prov. Mus.) and at Bellingham since at least 1917 (Bellingham, Wash., May 18, 1917, J. F. G. Clarke, Washington State Univ. Collection). It has been recorded from Orcus Island and Ana- cortes in recent years (Pyle, 1975, personal correspondence).
Why did P. mylitta not appear on Vancouver Island shortly after the advent of Cirsium arvense? This question was implicit in Harvey (1907 above). Guppy (1974 above) attempted to associate drier weather conditions with the introduction. A careful examination of the weather data (B. C. Climate, 1941-1972 Queens Printer, Victoris}#shows that there have been several fluctuations in the weather on Vancouver Island. None of the dry periods are directly associated with the first record of P. mylitta on Vancouver Island. Guppy (1974, above) mentioned the concurrent spread of .Coenonympha tullia insulana McDunnough from Victoria (type locality) since 1965. In reality, this species was first collected outside of Victoria in 1952 (Island View Beach, nr. Duncan, _ Sept. 2, 1952, G. A. Hardy, B. C. P.M.).
Examination of the human population growth on Vancouver Island gives a much more convincing explanation for the first occurence of Phyciodes mylitta on Vancouver Island and the earlier but almost concurrent spread of Coenonympha tullia. About 1950, Van- couver Island began to experience a huge increase in population outside the immediate vicinity of Victoria (Canada Yearbook, 1871-1971 The Canada Year Book. Queens Printer, Ottawa). This brought much larger areas into suburban housing and farming use. Con- currently there was a spread of the weedy habitat prefered by P. mylitta. In the case of C. tullia this provided adjacent habitat for easy dispersal of the species.
For P. mylitta, it meant that a much larger proportion of Vancouver Island was suitable habitat. Thus individuals, whether introduced by man, wind dispersed, or flying to the Island from the surrounding mainland areas, could have a greater chance of finding appropriate habitat and establishing the species on Vancouver Island.
It would appear that the recent colonization of Vancouver Island by Phyciodes mylitta has been realized because of interference by man. First the disturbed habitat allowed Cirsium arvense to be established. Then further disturbance allowed the dispersal and increased numbers of the food plant to the point where a chance arrival of Phyciodes mylitta to the island was able to establish the species. — JON H. SHEPARD, A. A. 2, Nelson, British Columbia.
The Effect of Stream Current Velocity on the Habitat Preference of a Net-Spinning Caddis Fly Larva, Hydropsyche oslari Banks
(Trichoptera: Hydropsychidae)
James D. Haddock
Indiana University-Purdue University at Fort Wayne, Indiana 46805
Measuring stream current velocities at the microhabitat of fresh water invertebrates has been a major sampling problem in quantita- tive research on lotic environments. Ambuhl (1959) and others have studied current velocity in clear water by a variety of techniques including the use of dyes, salt tablets and acetyl cellulose particles. The objectives of this study are to 1) ascertain what effect, if any, stream current velocity had on the distribution at the microhabitat level of the larvae of Hydropsyche os/ari Banks, a stationary, net- spinning caddisfly and 2) to determine if current measurements made at the surface were comparable to those taken in the micro- habitat of the insect.
The larvae of Hydropsyche, in contrast to most other genera of caddisflies, construct non-portable cases using pebbles, small wood fragments and occasionally parts of leaves (Fig. 1). The case is usually attached to a submerged rock or branch. A sieve net is spun at the anterior, upstream side of the case and the larva feeds on the particulate matter that collects. Adequate current flow is thus im- portant for two purposes: it provides a vehicle for the transport of food to the stationary larva and is also important in providing a con- stant supply of oxygen. Larvae removed from their natural habitats and placed in aquaria having the same water temperature will initiate abdominal undulating movements to increase the flow of water over the gills.
Philipson (1954), working with Hydropsyche instabilis in England, demonstrated under laboratory conditions that larvae subjected to a current velocity of 30 cm/sec built silken feeding nets incorporating stones and pebbles. In still water, larvae constructed crude silken networks and in no cases were a typical net observed. Scott (1958) correlated numbers of Hydropsyche instabilis larvae with surface cur- rent velocity and found the mode at 40-50 cm/sec in a stream in the British Isles. Edington (1968) studying Hydropsyche instabilis and Plectrocnemia conspersa in England found that the former species preferred a velocity range of 15-100 cm/sec whereas the latter was characteristic of a velocity range of 0-20 cm/sec.
The habit of net-spinning by hydropsychid larvae has created an economic problem for hydroelectric plants in Japan. Hiro (1956) reported that approximately 80% of the power plants in Japan were
The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 53:169-174. July 1977.
170 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST
Fig.1. Larval retreats of Hydropsyche os/ari Banks. X5. Fig. 2. Rearing troughs — designed to maximize suitable current conditions.
VOL. 53, NO. 3, JULY 1977 171
suffering from loss of power which amounts from 3 to 20% of the power obtainable, due to the habit of the larvae building retreats on the walls of water tunnels and reducing the rate of water flow.
Tsuda (1962) has discussed the use of a variety of control techni- ques to alleviate water tunnel clogging by Hydropsyche and other genera including frequent cleaning of larval nets from tunnel walls, use of natural enemies, electric shock, poisonous paints and insecti- cides, smoothing out the tunnel surfaces to prevent purchase and colonization by larvae and the light-trapping of adults.
Materials and Methods
Tonto Creek, Gila Co., Arizona, approximately 100 miles northeast of Phoenix at an elevation of 1585 meters was selected as the study site. Current velocity measurements were made with a battery powered pygmy current meter. The small size of the instrument made
40
CURRENT VELOCITY - SUMMER
MICROHABITAT
SURFACE
# of samples containing 1 or more larvae
ie te
Se ACCS ANS
SS
SEVER TTS SESSA AISS SUES ES Se
PALA AEMENES
oo
10 20 30 =40 50 60 70 80 90 100 WO 120+ 130
Current Velocity in cm./sec.
Fig. 3. Distribution of Hydropsyche osiari larvae with respect to surface and micro- habitat current velocities during the summer.
172 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST
it possible to obtain measurements adjacent to the larval retreats. Sampling proceeded across and upstream so that any larvae that might be dislodged would not affect data obtained later. Spring meas- urements were taken from March to early May. As larvae are replaced by pupae and adults in May and June, no sampling was done at this time. Summer data collecting commenced in mid July, when early instar larvae of the next generation were first noted to be present, and was completed by the end of August. During each period 176 mea- surements were made.
Larval and adult associations for purpose of species identification were made by laboratory rearing. Larvae were placed in .30 x 2.1m wooden troughs in which baffles were fitted to increase water turbu- lence (Fig. 2). Rocks were placed in the trough to simulate stream conditions, with hypolimnionic water pumped in from a nearby lake. Canned baby food spinach was used as food to supplement algae. Pupae were placed in small individual wire cages and the trapped adults that emerged were pinned or placed in alcohol.
Results and Discussion
Larvae of Hydropsyche oslari exhibit habitat selection with respect to current velocity at the level of the microhabitat. The selectivity is less pronounced during the summer (Fig. 3) probably due to the ovi- positing female than it is during the spring period (Fig. 4).
Current velocity measurements taken during the summer at the stream surface (x = 40 + 27 cm/sec) and the microhabitats (XK = 42 + 25 cm/sec) of the larvae are not significantly different (Fig. 3). Early instar larvae at the microhabitat level prefer a moderately rapid current velocity at this time of year. The range of habitat selectivity with respect to current is broad (5-101) as was demonstrated by Edington (1968) for a British species and is probably due initially to the wide selectivity by the ovipositing female. It is likely that the female is oriented to other factors in the environment such as over- hanging vegetation and diminished sunlight in addition to surface current velocity. Larvae were not found in significant numbers in water flowing slower than 10 cm/sec or faster than 100 cm/sec.
Surface and microhabitat measurements were significantly dif- ferent during the spring sampling period (Fig. 4). The current velocity affecting the larval nets ranged from 4 to 138 cm/sec (kK = 50 + 22) while that at the surface was 10 to 285 cm/sec (xX = 76+ 42). During periods of maximum runoff in the spring, surface data thus gives no indication of conditions actually affecting the juvenile stages. The minimal and maximal values affect the larvae from the standpoint of oxygen and food availability. Larval nets must have enough current to bellow them out but not enough to wash them away. !
VOL. 53, NO. 3, JULY 1977 173
" _ CURRENT VELOCITY - SPRING
30
;
25 Z
: peernnle.
20 Z
; y i
Aa OY j
; na aoe ‘
3 oan w 4% 4% y
00 Qn
L400
* cece ee 2400000 Ae . 000007) ee
Current Velocity in cm./sec.
Fig. 4. Distribution of Hydropsyche osiari larvae with respect to surface and micro- habitat current velocities during the spring.
Data obtained from the microhabitat during the summer and spring periods indicates that there is no significant difference between the two although surface measurements varied greatly. Larvae are either moving out of areas with extremely high velocity and into more favor-
able situations during the early spring or are being swept down- stream.
Acknowledgements
Credit is due to W. L. Minckley of Arizona State University for pro- viding criticism and space for rearing material and to D. G. Denning of Moraga, California for identification of adults. Dr. Sally Merrill of Indiana-Purdue University at Fort Wayne was kind enough to trans- late Tsuda’s article from Japanese.
Literature Cited
Ambuhl, H. 1959. Die Bedeutung der Str6mung als Skologischer Faktor. Schweig. Z. Hydrol. 21:133-264.
174 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST
Edington, J.M. 1968. Habitat Preferences in Net-Spinning Caddis Larvae with special reference to the influence of Water Velocity. J. Anim. Ecol. 37:675-792.
Hiro, M. 1956. Ecological Studies on Hydropsyche in Japan. Proc. 10th Internat. Congr. Entomol. 2:779-780.
Philipson, G.W. 1954. The effect of water flow and oxygen concentration on six species of caddis fly (Trichoptera) larvae. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 124:547-564.
Scott, D. 1958. Ecological Studies of the Trichoptera of the River Dean, Arch. Hydrobiol. 54:340-392.
Tsuda, M., (Ed.). 1962. Aquatic Entomology. Hokuryu-Kan., Ltd.: Tokyo. 269 p.
RECENT LITERATURE
The following Supplements and Monographs are available from the Association for the Study of Oriental Insects c/o Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Delhi-110007, INDIA.
ORIENTAL INSECTS SUPPLEMENT NO. 7 The taxonomy of Bruchidae of Northwest India. By G.L. Arora. pp. 1-132. with
48 line drawing plates and 17 photo-plates. Price Rs. 50 (India); or U.S. $10.00 or equiv. (Abroad).
ORIENTAL INSECTS MONOGRAPH No. 4. Studies on Indian Chelonethi (Pseudoscorpionida). By V.K. Murthi and T.N. Ananthakrishnan. Price Rs. 100/- (India); or U.S. $16.00 or equivalent (Abroad).
ORIENTAL INSECTS MONOGRAPH NO. 5. Ichneumonologia Orientalis, Part IV. The Tribe Porizontinie (Ichneumonidae). by V.K. Gupta and Sharda Maheshwary. pp. 1.-267 + 31 plates. Price Rs. 100 (India); U.S. $16.00 (Abroad).
ORIENTAL INSECTS MONOGRAPH NO. 6 Ichneumonologia Orientalis, Part VI. The Subfamily Agathidinae (Hymenoptera: Barconidae). By Shama Bhat and V.K. Gupta. Price Rs. 125 (India) or U.S. $20.00 (Abroad). pp. 1-354, 37 plates and maps.
ORIENTAL INSECTS MONOGRAPH NO. 7. Ichneumonologia Orientalis, part VIl. The Tribe Banchini and Lissonotini (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae: Banchinae). By Girish Chandra and V.K. Gupta. pp. 290, plates. Price Rs. 100/- (India); or U.S. $16.00 (Abroad).
A New Species of Clearwing Moth from Southcentral Texas (Lepidoptera: Sesiidae)
W. Donald Duckworth
Department of Entomology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. 20560
and Thomas D. Eichlin
Laboratory Services / Entomology, California Department of Food and Agriculture, Sacramento 95814
The southern region of Texas, vegetationally referred to by Correll and Johnston (1970) as the Rio Grande Plains, or as the South Texas Plains or Tamaulipan Brushlands by others, is characterized as open prairie with a mixed growth of small trees and shrubs, Prosopis and Acacia species predominating. The Rio Grande Plains are bordered to the north by the Edwards Plateau and to the east by the Gulf Prairies and Marshes. Uvalde, Texas, the area from which the species described here was collected, is located about 20 miles south of the southern margin of the Plateau.
The Rio Grande Plains extend into northeastern Mexico, where this floral zone is referred to by Leopold (1950) as the Mesquite-Grassland Zone. Here it is surrounded by the Chihuahuan Desert to the west and northwest, by Thorn Forest to the southeast, north of Tampico, and to the south by a belt of Tropical Deciduous Forest. Within the western portions of the Mesquite-Grasslands at elevations from about 1200 m to over 3000 m, are scattered Pine-Oak Forests.
Certain recent collections of sesiids, particularly from near Linares, Nuevo Leon, Mexico made by J. A. Powell and J. A. Chemsak, University of California, Berkeley, and T. Friedlander, University of Texas, Austin; and collections made from Uvalde, Texas by T. D. Eichlin and M. S. Wasbauer, provide evidence that there is a degree of continuity of the sesiid fauna throughout the Rio Grande Plains- Mesquite Grasslands vegetational zone.
The clearwing moth fauna of Texas generally, and for the southern portion of the state particularly, is very poorly known. In light of the statements above, the southern region of Texas is important to the systematic and biogeographic study of the Sesiidae. We might expect, for example, that the species described below will eventually be shown to occur in northeastern Mexico.
Carmenta welchelorum, new species (Figs. 1, 2) Male (figs. 1, 2): Antenna slightly clavate, tufted with scales apically, blue-black,
ciliate ventrally. Proboscis well developed. Labial palpus smooth ventrally, blue-black dorsally and apically, pale yellow ventrally and basally. Head with vertex blue-black, front
The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 53:175-178. July 1977.
176 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST
Figure 1. Carmenta welchelorum; Male Holotype.
blue-black, occipital fringe pale yellow dorsally, blue-black laterally. Thorax blue-black, with subdorsal yellow stripe over wing base, large yellow patch laterally beneath wing. Abdomen blue-black, with bluish iridescence, narrow pale yellow band laterally on seg- ments 1, 2 and 4, anal tuft rounded, tipped laterally with pale yellow to white. Legs blue- black, pale yellow to white mesally, laterally on margin of forecoxa, on tibiae near spurs, and around joints of tarsal segments. Forewing mostly hyaline, with margins, veins and discal spot blue-black, lightly powdered pale yellow on margins between veins and on veins just distad of discal spot, ventrally with more extensive yellow powdering. Hindwing hyaline, with very narrow margins, fringe and minute discal spot blue-black, ventrally with yellow on costal margin. Male genitalia as in figure 2. Wing length, 8-10 mm.
Female: Unknown.
Host: ‘Unknown.
Distribution: Currently known only from type-locality, Speir Ranch, 3 miles northwest of Uvalde, Uvalde County, Texas.
Types (all deposited in the NMNH): Male, Texas, Uvalde County, Speir Ranch, 3 mi. N.W. Uvalde, V-5-77, Eichlin and Wasbauer, malaise trap, pure Z,Z-ODDA, 1200-1330 CDT, (USNM type No. 75325). Paratypes, 7 Males, same data as holotype with the following exceptions: 2 specimens with V-4-77; 1 specimen with V-7-77 (no time of capture given); 2 specimens with V-6-77, 1400-1730 CDT, one of these with Genitalia Slide By M. R. Papp, CDA #299.
This species was collected in a malaise trap (flight trap), baited in the center with a piece of rubber band impregnated with pure Z,Z
VOL. 53, NO. 3, JULY 1977 177
Figure 2. Carmenta welchelorum; ventral view of male genitalia (left valva removed).
178 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST
isomer of 3,13-octadecadien-1-01 acetate (Z,Z-ODDA), a major component of the sex pheromone systems of various clearwing moths. The malaise trap with pheromone has proved to be a very useful tool for capturing clearwing moths where species’ populations are apparently at very low densities.
This is the third North American species discovered with the aid of sex pheromones (Duckworth and Eichlin, 1977, in press).
Carmenta welchelorum superficially resembles the viburnum borers, Synanthedon viburni Engelhardt and S. fatifera Hodges, neither of which are known from Texas, but the structures of the male genitalia Clearly show welchelorum to be a species of Carmenta. No North American Carmenta have color patterns similar to this species.
It is our pleasure to name this species of Carmenta for Sally and Richard Welchel, who extended many kindnesses and gracious hospitality to Eichlin and Wasbauer. The Welchels permitted and encouraged them to utilize the relatively undisturbed acreages on their ranch for studying some of the insect fauna typical of this region of Texas.
Acknowledgments
For technical assistance we wish to acknowledge with our appre- ciation: Laura S. Keller, University of California, Davis for the genitalia drawings; Charles S. Papp, Scientific Illustrator, Special Services; and Magda R. Papp, Biological Technician, Laboratory Services/ Entomology, California Department of Food and Agriculture, Sacra- mento. We extend special thanks to Sally and Richard Welchel, Uvalde, Texas for making the discovery of the new species possible.
Literature Cited
Correll, D. S. and Johnston, M. C. 1970. Manual of the vascular plants of Texas. Texas Research Foundation, Renner, Texas. 1881 pp.
Duckworth, W. D. and Eichlin, T. D. 1977 (in press). Two new species of clearwing moths (Lepidoptera: Sesiidae) from eastern North America clarified by sex pheromones. J. Lep. Soc., approx. 5 pp.
Leopold, A.S. 1950. Vegetation zones of Mexico. Ecology 31: 507-518, illus.
A Taxonomic Note on Polygonia faunus arcticus Leussler (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae)
Cyril F. dos Passos Washington Corners, Mendham, N.J. 07945
Polygonia faunus arcticus, proposed by Leussler (1935, 30(1):56), with the type locality ‘“‘base Black Mt., 30 mi. S.W. Aklavik, North West Territories,” is in fact not a subspecies of Grapta faunus Edwards (1862:222, type locality-Hunter, Greene County, New York) (dos Passos and Brown in Brown 1967:338) but of G. hylas Edwards (1872:68, type locality-Colorado, lectotype by dos Passos and Brown (1967:341), type locality-vicinity Berthoud Pass, Colorado).
When the writer purchased the Owen Bryant collection of butter- flies, it contained specimens with Leussler number 32 labeled as follows:
#32 — Type series, leg. Owen Bryant, consisted of 7 males and 7 females, including the holotype male and allotype female which were given by me to the American Museum of Natural History. These were taken May 18, 1931, in grass and on the border of woods about a lake. The remaining 6 males and 6 females were designated paratypes.
Leussler remarked after his description, ‘“They are much smaller than typical faunus and much greyer on the under surface. In fact, they resemble the Rocky Mountain form of hy/as more closely than typical faunus.’’ How prophetic that statement was, because the specimens are, in fact, hy/as and not faunus.
A few remaining specimens with same number (32) and taken at later dates in 1931 were not designated paratypes.
Conclusion: Leussler’s name should be written as Polygonia hylas arcticus Leussler, 1935, anew combination.
The provisions of the Code concerning new combinations relate only to the transfer of a species-group to a different genus-group and not to the transfer of a subspecies to a different species (Code, Arts. 48a, 51d). The Code does not contain any provision concerning the latter action or against using ‘‘a new combination” in the present case, which seems appropriate.
References Cited
dos Passos, Cyril F. and F. Martin Brown. 1967. in Brown, The types of the nymphalid butterflies described by William Henry Edwards — Part Ill Nymphalinae, Limenitidinae, Apaturinae and Charaxinae. Trans. Amer. Entomol. Soc. 93: 319-393.
Edwards, William Henry. 1862. Descriptions of certain species of diurnal Lepidoptera found within the limits of the United States and of British America. No. 3. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 14(6):221-226.
The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 53:179-180. July 1977.
180 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST
Edwards, William Henry. 1870. Descriptions of new species of diurnal Lepidoptera found within the United States. Trans. Amer. Entomol. Soc. 3(1):10-22.
Edwards, William Henry. 1872. Descriptions of new species of diurnal Lepidoptera found within the United States. V Trans. Amer. Entomol. Soc. 4(1):61-70.
Leussler, Richard August. 1935. Notes on diurnal Lepidoptera of the Canadian Arctic collected by Owen Bryant in the summers of 1929 to 1932. With introductions and field notes by Owen Bryant. Bull. Brooklyn Entomol. Soc. No. 1, 30(1):1-10, No. 2, (2):42-62, No. 3, (3):115-118.
BOOK REVIEW
Animal Communication by Pheromones. H.H. Shorey, Academic Press, New York, 1976, 167 pp., illus. $16.50.
In this book the author has assimilated the available information concerning pheromone communication within the entire animal kingdom and presented it in a concise, cohesive manner. The text is organized along behavioral lines, illustrating various types of behavior stimulated by pheromones, the mechanisms by which the behaviors occur, and the adaptive advantages which accrue from the behaviors. The author has restricted his discussion to chemical com- munication between individuals of the same species. Further, he does not discuss primer pheromones, but focuses entirely on behavioral responses stimulated by releaser pheromones. He has limited his discussion of pheromone chemistry to the illustration of the structures of the various pheromones he discusses.
Within the limits the author has set, this is an excellent book. It is well written and the various aspects of behavior in response to pheromones are clearly explained. The brevity of the text (only 121 pages including illustrations) is both a credit to the book and a fault. It is definitely an advantage to have this information presented so clearly and concisely and yet the treatment of several of the topics left the reader feeling that more discussion was needed. In some in- stances further examples would have been useful, particularly to new students in this field. However, this does not seriously decrease the value of this book.
The text is well illustrated with photographs and drawings that aid in explaining some of the points discussed. Additionally, the bibliography contains 726 references that add considerably to the value of this book as a source of information. The book is highly recommended to serious students of pheromonal communication and animal behavior. — J. H. TUMLINSON, /nsect Attractants, Behavior and Basic Biology Research Laboratory Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Gainesville, Florida 32604.
A Checklist of idaho Ants
(Hymenoptera: Formicidae)*
Nicholas P. Yensen?, William H. Clark Department of Biology, College of Idaho, Caldwell, 83605 and André Francoeur Universite du Québec, Chicoutimi, Canada G7H 2B1
The ants of Idaho have been listed only once: Cole (1936) reported 3 subfamilies, 17 genera, 48 species and 25 subspecies or varieties for a total of 73 forms of ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) as occurring in Idaho.
The following checklist contains 4 subfamilies, 23 genera, and 115 species, with 7 subspecies and a hybrid for a total of 123 forms. A total of 21 species are listed for the first time from Idaho. These are: Myrmica sp. (near discontinua), Pheidole pilifera pacitica, Leptothorax diversipilosus, Forelius foetidus, Brachymyrmex depilis, Camponotus essigi, C. semitestaceus, Acanthomyops coloradensis, Formica aerata, F. bradleyi, F. ciliata, F. laeviceps, F. lepida, F. sp. (near neoclara), F. occulta, F. pacifica, F. opaciventris, F. rubicunda, F. tahoensis, F. ulkei and F. vinculans. The differences in numbers of genera and species between Cole’s list and the present one can be misleading. Many of the new names on our list are a result of nomenclatural changes in recent years.
Changes in nomenclature since 1936 have been extensive, parti- cularly in the genera Pogonomyrmex, Stenamma, Formica (fusca group), Myrmica, Acanthomyops, Lasius, and Myrmecocystus. Further changes may be expected in the following genera: Aphenogaster, Myrmica, Leptothorax, Camponotus and Formica (especially in the rufa group).
The present list is based on both literature citations and collec- tions. Knowlton (1970, 1975); Allred and Cole (1971); Horning and Barr (1970); and Cole (1934) have compiled lists of ants for Curlew Valley, Craters of the Moon National Monument, the National Reactor Test- ing Station (now called the Idaho Nuclear Engineering Laboratory) and the Snake River plains, respectively. New records not cited in the literature are based on voucher specimens housed at the University of Idaho, Moscow (Ul), Boise State University, Boise (BSU), the ‘This study was assisted with grants to William H. Clark from The Foundation for Environmental
Education Inc. and American Philosophical Society (Grant No. 1167, Johnson Fund). Participation of the last author was made possible through agrant from National Research Council of Canada.
2Present address: Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721.
The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 53:181-187. July 1977.
182 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST
George C. Wheeler Collection (GCW), the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University (MCZ), the California Academy of Sciences (CAS), and in the personal collections of the authors, William H. Clark (WHC), Nicholas P. Yensen (NPY), and André Francoeur (AF).
Subspecies are included mainly for future taxonomic efforts and related studies.
Literature citations have been listed whenever possible to help verify the record. When more than two literature citations exist fora species only two of the more recent are usually used. Caution should be observed in that some records may be taken from an earlier cita- tion and may not necessarily denote two separate records.
The species are listed alphabetically within genera. It is hoped that this will aid the nonmyrmecologist in locating names. Some of the more recent synonyms and “uses” are included with the literature citation to help ameliorate the confusion caused by the recent nomenclatural changes.
This list is a first step towards a paper on Idaho ants containing distribution and ecological data, identification keys and illustrations.
List of the Species
SUBFAMILY PONERINAE ; 7. fracticornis Emery
PONERA Allred and Cole, 1971, as M. 1. Ponera pennsylvanica Buckley lobicornis. Horning and Barr, Taylor, 1967: 32. 1970.
8. /obifrons Pergande Knowlton, 1975, as M. lobicornis lobifrons. UI.
SUBFAMILY MYRMICINAE MYRMICA
2. americana Weber Knowlton, 1975. Smith, 1951: 790.
3. brevispinosa W. Wheeler Creighton, 1950: 97. Weber, 1950.
4. emeryana Forel Smith, 1951: 790. Weber, 1948, as M. schencki emeryana. Caution: This name is listed here for reference purposes, despite being completely mis- leading for the moment.
5. hamulata Weber Knowlton, 1975.
6. incompleta Provancher Knowlton, 1975 and 1970, as M. brevinodis. Francoeur and Béique, 1966. Weber, 1950 and Cole, 1936, as M. brevinodis sulci- nodoides.
9. monticola W. Wheeler Knowlton, 1975, 1970.
10. spatulata M. Smith Knowlton, 1975.
11. tahoensis W.Wheeler Knowlton, 1975.
12. sp. (near discontinua Weber) AF. CAS.
MANICA
13. hunteri(W. Wheeler) Wheeler and Wheeler, 1970. Creighton, 1950: 108, as M. aldrichi.
14. mutica (Emery) Knowlton, 1975. Wheeler and Wheeler, 1970.
POGONOMYRMEX 15. occidentalis (Cresson) Knowlton, 1975. Cole, 1968: 96.
VOL. 53, NO. 3, JULY 1977 183
16. owyheei Cole
Knowlton, 1975. Cole, 1968: 103. 17. salinus Olsen
Knowlton, 1975, 1970.
STENAMMA
18. diecki Emery Snelling, 1973.
19. occidentale M. Smith Snelling, 1973.
20. smithiCole Knowlton, 1975, as S. knowltoni. Snelling, 1973.
APHAENOGASTER
21. occidentalis (Emery) Knowlton, 1975. Horning and Barr, 1970, as A. subterranea valida.
22. unita W. Wheeler Creighton, 1950: 154. Cole, 1936.
VEROMESSOR 23. lobognathus (Andrews) Allred and Cole, 1971.
PHEIDOLE 24. californica Mayr Cole, 1936, 1934. 24a. californica oregonica Emery Creighton, 1950: 173. Cole, 1936 as P. oregonica
25. _pilifera pacifica W. Wheeler WHC.
CREMATOGASTER
26. mormonum Emery Smith, 1958: 127, and Smith 1951: 809, as C. lineolata cerasi.
MONOMORIUM
27. minimum (Buckley) Knowlton, 1975. Allred and Cole, 1971.
28. pharaonis (Linnaeus) Cole, 1934.
SOLENOPSIS
29. molesta (Say) Knowlton, 1975. Cole, 1934.
29a. molesta validiuscula Emery Knowlton, 1975. Horning and Barr, 1970.
LEPTOTHORAX 30. andrei Emery Allred and Cole, 1971. 31. diversipilosus M. Smith WHC.
32. hirticornis Emery Cole, 1936, as L. hirticornis formi- dolosa. 33. muscorum (Nylander) Knowlton, 1975, 1970. 34. nevadensis W. Wheeler Knowlton, 1975, 1970. 34a. nevadensis eldoradensis W. Wheeler Horning and Barr, 1970. Smith, 1951: 817, as L. eldoradensis. 34b. nevadensis melanderi W. Wheeler Creighton, 1950: 266. Smith, 1951: 818, as L. melanderi. 35. nitens Emery Knowlton, 1975, 1970. 36. rugatulus Emery Knowlton, 1975. Horning and Barr, 1970. 37. tricarinatus Emery Smith, 1967: 359.
SUBFAMILY DOLICHODERINAE
IRIDOMYRMEX
38. pruinosum (Roger) Wheeler and Wheeler, 1973: 102. Cole, 1936.
38a. pruinosum analis (E. Andre) Smith, 1967: 364. Creighton, 1950: 343.
FORELIUS 39. foetidus (Buckley) UI. NPY.
CONOMYRMA 40. insana (Buckley) Knowlton, 1970, as Dorymyrmex pyramicus. Creighton, 1950: 349, as D. pyramicus.
TAPINOMA 41. sessile (Say) Knowlton, 1975. Allred and Cole, 1971.
SUBFAMILY FORMICINAE
BRACHYMYRMEX 42. depilis Emery Ul.
CAMPONOTUS 43. essigiM. Smith Ul.
44. herculeanus (Linnaeus) Cole, 1936, as C. herculeanus whymperi.
184
45.
46.
47.
48.
49.
50.
51.
THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST
laevigatus (F. Smith) Horning and Barr, 1970. Cole, 1936.
modoc W. Wheeler Horning and Barr, 1970, as C. pennsylvanicus modoc. Cole, 1936, as C. herculeanus var. modoc.
nearcticus Emery Cole, 1936, as C. fallax nearcti- cus.
noveboracensis (Fitch) Cole, 1936, as C. herculeanus ligniperdus var. noveboracensis.
semitestaceus Emery WHC.
vicinus Mayr Knowlton, 1975. Allred and Cole, 1971.
sp. (near hyatti Emery) Cole, 1936, 1934.
LASIUS
52.
53.
54.
55.
56.
57.
58.
59.
60.
61.
alienus (Foerster) Knowlton, 1975, 1970, as L. alienus americanus.
crypticus Wilson Allred and Cole, 1971. Wilson, 1955: 105.
fallax Wilson Wilson, 1955: 133.
flavus (Fabricius) Wilson 1955: 126. Cole, 1936, as L. brevicornis.
neoniger Emery Wilson, 1955: 101. Cole, 1936, as L. niger var. neoniger.
niger (Linnaeus) Knowlton, 1975. Horning and Barr, 1970.
pallitarsis (Provancher) Francoeur and Béique, 1966. Wilson, 1955: 41, as L. sitkaen- sis.
subumbratus Viereck Wilson, 1955: 178.
umbratus (Nylander) Wilson, 1955:161. |
vestitus W. Wheeler Wilson, 1955: 175. Cole, 1936, as L. umbratus vestitus.
ACANTHOMYOPS Mayr
62.
63.
coloradensis (W. Wheeler) NPY.
interjectus (Mayr) Wing, 1968: 95.
64. /atipes (Walsh)? Wing, 1968: 101. Cole, 1936, as Lasius latipes.
65. murphyi (Forel)? Wing, 1968: 115.
MYRMECOCYSTUS 66. hammettensis Cole Snelling, 1976: 102. Creighton, 1950; 443. 67. kennedyi Cole Snelling, 1976: 65. Creighton, 1950: 449, as M. semirufus. 68. pyramicus M. Smith Snelling, 1976: 135. WHC. NPY. 69. testaceus Emery Snelling, 1976: 138. Allred and Cole, 1971, as M. mojave.
FORMICA
70. accreta Francoeur Francoeur, 1973: 188.
71. aerata Francoeur Ul. BSU.
72. altipetens W. Wheeler Francoeur, 1973: 58. Creighton, 1950: 531.
73. argentea W. Wheeler Knowlton, 1975, as F. fusca. Francoeur, 1973: 150.
74. bradleyi W. Wheeler Ul.
75. canadensis Santschi Francoeur, 1973: 66. Smith, 1951: 861, as F. cinerea var. canadensis.
76. ciliata Mayr BSU.
77. coloradensis W. Wheeler Horning and Barr, 1970, as F. integroides coloradensis. Creigh- ton, 1950: 489, as F. integroides coloradensis.
78. criniventris W. Wheeler Knowlton, 1975, 1970.
79. curiosa Creighton Snelling, 1969. Cole, 1946, as F. parcipappa.
80. dakotensis Emery Cole, 1936, as F. dakotensis var. montigena. |
81. densiventris Viereck Horning and Barr, 1970, as F. rasilis. Knowlton, 1970.
3Also murphyi x latipes hybrid (Wing, 1968: 117).
82.
85.
86.
87.
89.
91.
92.
93.
97.
98.
VOL. 53, NO
haemorrhoidalis Emery Knowlton, 1975. Allred and Cole, 1971. hewitti W. Wheeler Francoeur, 1973: 213. Horning and Barr, 1970. laeviceps Creighton WHC. lasioides Emery Knowlton, 1975. Allred and Cole, 1971. lepida W. Wheeler AF, G. C. and J. N. Wheeler col- lection, and MCZ. This third record for the species is a large extension of range toward the north. limata W. Wheeler Knowlton, 1975, 1970. manniW. Wheeler Knowlton, 1975. Allred and Cole, 1971. neoclara Emery Knowlton, 1973: 91. sp. (near neocilara) This sibling form looks like F. neoclara but without the metasternal proces- ses, with a more angulate pro- podeum and dorsal margin of petiole usually entire. Collections: AF, BSU, GCW, UI, WHC. neogagates Emery Knowlton, 1975. Allred and Cole, 1971. neorufibarbis Emery Knowlton, 1975. 1973: 225. obscuripes Forel Knowlton, 1975. Allred andCole, 1971. obscuriventris clivia Creighton Clark and Yensen, 1976. obtusopilosa Emery
1975. Francoeur,
Francoeur,
Knowlton, 1975. Allred and Cole, 1971. occulta Francoeur Ul. opaciventris Emery AF. MCZ.
oreas W. Wheeler Knowlton, 1975. Allred and Cole, 1971.
. 3, JULY 1977
185
98a. oreas comptula W. Wheeler Knowlton, 1975, 1970. 99. pacifica Francoeur BSU.
100. pallidefulva nitidiventris Emery Cole, 1936, as F. pallidefulva schaufussi var. incerta.
101. planipilis Creighton Knowlton, 1975. Horning and Barr, 1970.
102. podzolica Francoeur Francoeur, 1973: 169.
103. puberula Emery Cole, 1936, 1934 as F. sanguinea puberula.
104. querquetulana Kennedy and Dennis Knowlton, 1975.
105. rubicunda Emery Ul.
106. subnitens Creighton Knowlton, 1975, 1970.
107. subaenescens Emery Francoeur, 1973: 200, as F. fusca (forme subaenescens). Ul.
108. subnuda Emery Chapman, 1957.
109. subpolita Mayr Knowlton, 1975, as F. subpolita camponoticeps. Francoeur, 1973: 131.
110. tahoensis W. Wheeler BSU. UI.
111. transmontanis Francoeur Francoeur, 1973: 140.
112. ulkei Emery AF. MCZ.
113. vinculans W. Wheeler Ul.
114. whymperi Forel Knowlton, 1975. Allred andCole, 1971.
114a. whymperi alpinaW. Wheeler Horning and Barr, 1970.
114b. whymperi californica W. Wheeler Creighton, 1950: 510.
POLYERGUS 115. breviceps Emery
Horning and Barr, 1970, as P. rufescens breviceps. Wheeler, 1968.
186 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST
We are grateful for invaluable assistance of Drs. G. C. and J. N. Wheeler, R. R. Snelling, R. E. Gregg and W. F. Buren in determining specimens. Roy R. Snelling reviewed the manuscript and was espe- cially helpful with certain taxonomic problems. The following curators have been generous in loaning us material: Dr. W. F. Barr, University of Idaho; Dr. P. H. Arnaud, Jr., California Academy of Sciences; Drs. G. F. Knowlton and W. J. Hanson, Utah State Univer- sity; Drs. W. J. Turner and R. D. Akre, Washington State University; Dr. C. W. Baker, Boise State University; Drs. J. D. Marshall and R. D. Bratz, College of Idaho; R. C. Anderson, Idaho State University. Dr. W. L. Brown of Cornell University and Mr. R. L. Spidell of Boise also pro- vided valuable material. Dr. P. L. Packard of the College of Idaho volunteered laboratory space for this project and Dr. R. D. Bratz made additional resources available. Material assistance was provided by the Philo Tech Alumni Research Cooperative, College of Idaho.
Literature Cited
Allred, D. M., and A. C. Cole, Jr. 1971. Ants of the National Reactor Testing Station. Great Basin Natur. 31: 237-242.
Chapman, J. A. 1957. A further consideration of summit ant swarms. Can. Entomol. 89: 389-395.
Clark, W. H., and N. P. Yensen. 1976. Tending behavior of the ants Formica neoclara Emery and Formica obscuriventris clivia Creighton and honeydew production of the treehopper Campylenchia sp. (Hymenoptera: Formicidae; Homoptera: Membracidae). J. Idaho Acad. Sci. 12:3-7.
Cole, A. C., Jr. 1934. An annotated list of the ants of the Snake River plains, Idaho (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Psyche 41: 221-227.
Cole, A. C., Jr. 1936. An annotated list of the ants of Idaho (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Can. Entomol. 68: 34-39.
Cole, A. C., Jr. 1946. A description of Formica parcipappa, a new ant from Idaho (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Ann. Entomol. Soc. Amer. 39: 616-618.
Cole, A. C., Jr. 1968. Pogonomyrmex harvester ants. A study of the genus in North America. Univ. Tenn. Press, Knoxville. 222 pp.
~ Creighton, W.S. 1950. The ants of North America. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., Harvard. 104: 1-585.
Francoeur, A. 1973. Révision taxonomique des espéces néarctiques du groupe fusca, genre Formica (Formicidae, Hymenoptera). Soc. Entomol. du Québec, Mém.3: 1-316.
Francoeur, A. and R. Béique. 1966. Les Formicides (Hyménoptéres) de Provancher. Can. Entomol. 98: 140-145.
Horning, D. S., Jr., and W. F. Barr. 1970. Insects of Craters of the Moon National Monument Idaho. Univ. Idaho, Coll. Agr., Misc. Ser. 8: 1-118.
Knowlton, G.F.1970. Ants of Curlew Valley. Proc. Utah Acad. 47: 208-212.
Knowlton, G. F. 1975. Ants of Curlew Valley, Utah and Idaho. Utah State Univ. Ecol. Center, Terrestrial Arthropod Ser. 13: 1-10.
Smith, M. R. 1951. Family Formicidae, /N: C.F. W. Muesebeck and K. V. Krombein, eds., Hymenoptera of America North of Mexico synoptic catalog. U. S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Mono. 2: 1-1420.
Smith, M. R. 1958. Family Formicidae, /N: K. V. Krombein, ed., Hymenoptera of America North of Mexico synoptic catalog. U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Mono. 2, First Suppl: 1-305.
VOL. 53, NO. 3, JULY 1977 187
Smith, M. R. 1967. Family Formicidae, /N: K. V. Krombein and B. D. Burks, eds., Hymenoptera of America North of Mexico synoptic catalog. Agr. Mono. 2, Second Suppl.: 1-584.
Snelling, R. R. 1969. Notes on the systematics and dulosis of some western species of Formica, subgenus Raptiformica (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 71: 194-197.
Snelling, R. R. 1973. Studies on California ants. 7. The genus Stenamma (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Nat. Hist. Mus. Los Angeles Co. Contr. Sci. 245: 1-38.
Snelling, R. R. 1976. A revision of the honey ants, genus Myrmecocystus (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Nat. Hist. Mus. Los Angeles Co. Sci. Bull 24: 1-163.
Taylor, R. W. 1967. A monographic revision of the ant genus Ponera Latreille (Hymen- optera: Formicidae). Pacific Insects Mono. 13: 1-112.
Weber, N. A. 1948. A revision of the North American ants of the genus Myrmica Latreille with a synopsis of the Palearctic species. Il. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Amer. 41: 267- 308.
Weber, N. A. 1950. A revision of the North American ants of the genus Myrmica Latreille with a synopsis of the Palearctic species. ill. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Amer. 43: 189-226.
Wheeler, G. C., and J. N. Wheeler. 1970. The natural history of Manica (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). J. Kansas Entomol. Soc. 43:129-162.
Wheeler, G. C., and J. N. Wheeler. 1973. Ants of Deep Canyon. Univ. Calif., Riverside. 162 pp.
Wheeler, J. N. 1968. Male genitalia and the taxonomy of Polyergus (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 70: 156-164.
Wilson, E. O. 1955. A monographic revision of the ant genus Lasius. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., Harvard. 113: 1-201.
Wing, M. V. 1968. Taxonomic revision of the Nearactic genus Acanthomyops (Hymen- optera: Formicidae). Cornell Univ., Agr. Exp. Sta. Mem. 405: 1-173.
BOOK REVIEW
Insects and the Life of Man Wigglesworth, Vincent B. $12.50 217 pp., cloth, Halsted Press Book, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Here is an informative and interesting analysis of the numerous ways in which an awareness of insect physiology increases man’s ability to understand (and cope with) insects. Dr. Wigglesworth’s qualifications as an insect physiologist are legion, and this book in- dicates the breadth of his training and background.
In order to acquaint the reader with the historical background of in- sect physiology, Professor Wigglesworth has selected a few of the outstanding lectures and essays prepared and presented by him over a span of nearly forty years. They have been reprinted here, unaltered, but with appropriate footnotes added to update some of his original statements.
188 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST
The author repeatedly stresses the primary importance of sound taxonomic work in entomology. He refers to the great abundance of insects (“three-quarters of the known species of animals’’) and to the fact that they ‘‘are exceedingly diverse in form and habit, and readily available for study.” The book points to the great opportunities for ex- ploitation of insects as a medium for the study of biology in general, but notes that ‘‘these opportunities will only be developed to the full if we turn out entomologists, men who know the world of insects in the round; who are at once morphologists, taxonomists, physiologists and field naturalists.”
Dr. Wigglesworth has at various times served as an agricultural en- tomologist, a medical entomologist, and an insect physiologist. His observations concerning all of these great subareas of entomology are thus based on firsthand knowledge and experience. He analyzes the value of DDT in war and peace, supporting his conclusions with factual data. Especially interesting to modern medical entomologists will be the chapter discussing the great malaria epidemic in Ceylon in 1935, which the author personally observed and described (malaria claimed approximately 100,000 human lives there at that time).
The chapters on “The Epidermal Cell” and on ‘“Preformation and Insect Development”’ are classic academic treatments of those vital topics. A much more genral discussion is provided in the chapter en- titled “Fifty Years of Insect Physiology’, which dwells upon water and mineral balancing mechanisms, sense organs of insects, vitamins, hormones and pheromones, the discovery of cytochrome oxidation, and the biochemical action of genes. Other chapters discuss “The Fauna of the Orchard,” “Insects and the Farmer,” & “DDT and the Balance of Nature.’”’ For the biologist with a philosophical bent there are fascinating chapters such as ‘‘Science, Pure and Applied,” “Wordsworth and Science,” “The Religion of Science,” and ‘“‘Experimental Biology, Pure and Applied.”
It is tempting to state that the reader ‘‘can not put the book down,” however it soon becomes evident that one must do so ... not because of any lack of interest, but rather because of the need to stop occasionally for absorption of the data and contemplation of the wealth of information supplied by Professor Wigglesworth.
This is a remarkable treatment of a timely and significant subject, and every biologist will enjoy the pleasant experience of reading it at least once or twice! — J. GORDON EDWARDS, Professor of Entomology, San Jose State University, San Jose, California.
Biological Notes on Some Mexican Bees (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae, Anthophoridae)
F.D. Parker USDA-ARS, Utah State Univ. Logan 84322
In 1963 L.A. Stange and | spent several months in Mexico collecting wasps for the University of California at Davis. Several nests of bees were found during this trip. The nesting habits of four species are described here. We did not make detailed descriptions of bee nests during collecting, but we saved the nests and made the following ob- servations from this material.
Dianthidium (Mecanthidium)macrurum (Cockerell)
(Figs. 1-4) »
Nests of this large red megachilid were located attached to volcanic stones that had formed a wall bordering a field N of Yautepec, Morelos. The nests were stuck beneath, on the side, or on the top of stones. They were always sheltered by their own stone or by another one above. The bees were actively building nests in July.
Nest Construction: — The large nests were made of resin and small (2-4 mm) pebbles. The bees began the nests by forming a cell outline from resin on the substrate and then placing pebbles into the resin. The cells averaged 20 mm long and 7 mm wide and were roofed with similar material. Adjacent cells were made (Fig. 1) with the space bet- ween cells filled with similar nesting material. Most completed nests were two-storied (Figs. 2,3) and were covered with resin (Fig. 3). The time required for nest construction was considerable; for example, one nest had layers 6-pebbles deep, and was covered by 350 pebbles, and had the surface coated with resin. Three nests had the following dimensions (in cm): 6.5 wide, 4 long, 2.5 high; 7x5x2; 4.5x4x2. The number of cells and their orientation within these nests were: 5 cells on the bottom row and 2 above with entrances to bottom cells from 3 sides; 3 cells on bottom row facing 1 direction with an opposite
facing cell above; 2 cells on bottom and 1 above all facing one direc- tion.
Provisions: — All cells were provisioned with one type of pollen of uncertain identity.
Feces: — The fecal pellets were small and uniform and averaged 1 mm long and 0.5 mm thick with one end blunt and the other with a minute projection. Most pellets were bicolored and flattened against the resin walls of the cells; some were loose at the top of the cocoon.
Cocoon: — The oval cocoons averaged 13 mm long and filled the lower end of the cell (Fig. 4). First, the larvae lined the bottom with an amber layer of silk that had a cellophane-like texture; then they spun
The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 53:189-192. July 1977.
190 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST
Fig. 1-4 Nests of Dianthidium macrurum. 1-Outline (vertical view) of 2-storied, 4-celled nest. 2-Outline (vertical view of 2-storied 5-celled nest. 3-Front view of 2-storied nest covered with resin with 3 exit holes. 4-Cell structure and cocoons inside nest.
another layer inside the first that had more silk strands evident. The top was ringed with minute woven strands spun in a circular pattern continuous from the side to the nipple. The nipple was spun with coarse, loose strands that filled its central cavity. Beneath the nipple on the inside of the cocoon was a mat of silk strands.
Sex Ratio: — Only 3 cells contained mature larvae from which 2 females and 1 male developed.
Nest Associates: — None of the cells were parasitized nor was evidence of parasitism found in old cells. This lack of parasitism may
VOL. 53, NO. 3, JULY 1977 191
have resulted because of the sticky resin that covered the nests; several ants were observed stuck to the nests. In older nests the resin was hard; and in these scavenger beetles (demestids) were present. Also, a Cell in an old nest was used as a brood chamber for the eumenid wasp, Parancistrocerus bravo (Saussure).
Discussion: Species of Dianthidium are versatile nesters: some species make pebble-resin nests attached to leaves, twigs, and stones (Fischer, 1951; Grigarick and Stange, 1968); others nest in existing holes (Hicks, 1927); and one species is known to make burrows in the ground (Hicks, 1926). However, a universal substance used in nest construction by species of Dianthidium is plant resin.
Moure (1965) transferred the subgenus Mecanthidium from Paran- thidium to Dianthidium. In the same publication he established anew genus, Adanthidium, for 2 other species formerly considered Paran- thidium. One of these, A. texanum (Cresson) made large nests (Melan- der, 1902) quite similar to those | have seen D. macrurum build. Michener (1975) reported another species of Paranthidium nesting in old cells of Melitoma, an anthophorid that nests gregariously in clay banks.
Centris totonaca Cresson
We found a colony of this species utilizing an old nesting site of Melitoma euglossoides Lepeletier and Serville 11 mi. N Culican Sinaloa. The nesting site was located on a vertical mud wall of a dry arroyo. We did not record the nesting habits of this species, but we did collct numerous Centris cocoons that had been made in exited cells of Melitoma. Several females of the parasitic bee Mesocheira bicolor (F.) were collected as they flew about the nesting site. One fe- male of this parasite was reared from a Centris cell.
Melitoma euglossoides Lepeletier and Serville
As mentioned previously, an old nesting site of this specis was located N of Culican. Many old but intact cells were collected and opened. Several of these cells contained dead host bees or parasites that had failed to exit. Three of the parasites were identified as the following species: the bee flies Anthrax limatulus larrea Marston and A. cintalapa Cole and the meloid beetle Nemognatha chrysomeloides
(L.).
Acknowledgements
| wish to thank C.D. Michener (University of Kansas) who identified the bees and R. M. Bohart (University of California, Davis) who deter- mined the eumenid. Mr. J. Brogdon made the illustrations. | would like to thank G.E. Bohart and W.J. Hanson (Utah State University) for their manuscript review.
192 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST
Literature Cited
Fischer, R.L. 1951. Observations on the nesting habits of Megachilid bees. J. Entomol. Soc. 24:46-50.
Grigarick, A.A., and L.A. Stange. 1968. The pollen-collecting bees of the Anthidiini of California. Bull. Calif. Insect Surv. 113 p.
Hicks, C.H. 1926. Nesting habits and parasites of certain bees of Boulder County, Colorado. Univ. Colo. Studies 15:217-252.
Hicks, C.H. 1927. Parasites and habits of Dianthidium pudicum Cresson, Psyche 34: 193-198.
Moure, J.S. 1965. New placements for some species of Paranthidium. Proc. Entomol. Soc. Washington 67:29-31.
Melander, A.L. 1902. The nesting habits of Anthidium. Biol. Bull. 3:27-32.
Michener, C.D. 1975. Nests of Paranthidium jugatorium in association with Melitoma taurea. J. Kans. Entomol. Soc. 48:194-200.
ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE
The following Opinions have been published recently by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, c/o British Museum (Natural History), Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, United Kingdom. (see Bulletin Zoological Nomenclature Volume 34, part 1)
Opinion No. 1083 Pisaurina Simon, 1898 (Arachnida, Araneae) con-
(p. 30) served under the plenary powers. Opinion No. 1087 Pamphilius viriditibialis Takeuchi, 1930 designated (p. 40) under the plenary powers as type-species of Onycholyda Takeuchi, 1938 (Insecta, Hymen- optera).
Opinion No. 1091 Geloius decorsei Bolivar, 1905 (Insecta, Orthoptera) (p. 50) designation of aneotype.
Opinion No. 1092 Dicyrtoma Bourlet, 1842 and Dicyrtomina Borner, (p. 53) 1903 (Insecta, Collembola): designation of type- species under the plenary powers.
The Commission cannot supply separates of Opinions.
A New Ashmeadiella From Arizona (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae) F.D. Parker USDA-ARS, Utah State Univ., Logan 84322
The following new species of Ashmeadiella was recently sent to me by P.D. Hurd (USNM) and E.G. Linsley (UC) who are conducting pollination studies in Arizona. This species is described here in order to make the name available for their studies.
Ashmeadiella (Ashmeadiella) parkinsoniae new species (Figs. 1-3)
Holotype female: Black, wings hyaline except setae. Pubescence white except yellowish hair brush projecting anteriorly beneath lateral clypeal margin; yellowish pubescence on outer surface, lower margin of mandibles, inner surface of legs; terga I-V with entire apical bands, tergum VI with short appressed hairs. Punctation close, moderate on body; pits on head deep but separated by shiny integumental area; scutum, scutellum uniformly closely pitted; meso-, metapleura with deep pits separated by shiny integument; propodeum laterally more closely pitted; pits on legs shallow, mostly overlapping, coarse on tibiae, tarsi; terga with small deep separate pits, except these on tergum VI closer, smaller; sterna with band of deep oval pits, impunctate band apically; pits on sternum VI moderate basally, smaller, closer apically. Mandibles 3-toothed; mouthparts of normal length; clypeal margin with U-shaped medioapical indentation, end of apical truncation projecting, tooth-like (Fig. 3), clypeus bowed medially as seen in profile (Fig. 2), distance between lateral ocelli equal to ocellocular distance; distance bet- ween median ocellus, lateral ocelli 1/2 distance between lateral ocelli; distance between lateral ocelli and back of head less than least ocellocular distance; compound eye wider than postocciput (lateral aspect); hind femur twice as thick as mid femur; inner hind tibial spurs stout, 5-toothed (Fig. 1); tergum VI with shallow subapical depression; length 7 mm.
Male: unknown.
Variation: The tooth-like projections on the clypeus are worn off or lacking in some females, and some specimens are 6-mm long.
Types: Holotype female ARIZONA: Tumacacori; Santa Cruz Co., VI. 2. 1976 (Parkinsonia aculeata L.), 1700-1729, (P.D. Hurd and E.G. Linsley). Paratypes, 289, same data except collected at other times. One metatype, Oro Valley, Pima Co., Arizona, 2640’, V. 28. 1976 (Cercidium microphylium (Torr.) Rose and Johnst.), 10:30-10:59 (P.D. Hurd, E.G. and J. M. Lindsley). Holotype deposited in the collection of the California Academy of Science.
Range: Southern Arizona
A. parkinsoniae is similar to A. femorata (Michener) and will run to this species in Hurd and Michener (1955). The new species can be separated from femorata by the configuration of the clypeus as shown in Figs. 1, 4. Also most specimens of femorata have red markings on the hind leg whereas parkinsoniae has black legs. A related southwestern species, A. truncativentris michener, can be separated from both previously mentioned species by its truncate sternum VI.
Pollen taken from the scopa of the paratypes was 100% from Parkinsonia.
The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 53:193-194. July 1977.
194 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST
—
Figs. 1-3, Ashmeadiella parkinsoniae. 1. hind tibial spurs; 2. lateral view of female head; 3. female face. Figs. 4-5, Ashmeadiella femorata. 4. lateral view of female head; 5. female face.
Acknowledgements
| would like to thank W. J. Hanson and G. E. Bohart (Utah State University) for reviewing this manuscript. Mr. Jim Brogdon made the illustrations.
Literature Cited
Hurd, P.D. and C.D. Michener. 1955. The megachiline bees of California. Bull. Calif. Insect. Survey 3:1-247.
The Sternidius of Arizona (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae)
Arthur E. Lewis 1360 Paseo Redondo, Burbank, Calif. 91501
This paper is an attempt to clarify existing confusion in the status of the Arizona components of the genus Sternidius. The species are small, obscure, and similar besides being poorly represented in most collections. |
The author has examined specimens of all known species and sub- species of this genus occurring in the western United States, nor- thern Mexico, and Baja California except S. setipes (Casey) 1891, which differs from other known forms by exhibiting long flying hairs on the tibiae. This character is not present in any of the specimens examined.
Descriptions follow for five species of Sternidius occurring in Ari- zona. One name is resurrected, one is synonymized and two species are described as new.
Sternidius LeConte
Amniscus Haldeman, 1847: (exparte).
Liopus LeConte, 1852:170 (exparte). Horn, 1880:123. Leng and Hamil- ton, 1896:121. Blatchley, 1910:1073. (misdet)
Leiopus Casey 1913:310. Knull, 1946:248 (misdet)
Sternidius LeConte, 1874:234.
LeConte founded the genus Sternidius to include a specific group of species. He differentiated it from Old World Leopus by the meso- sternum which is “Straight and truncate between the coxae’”’, and from Leptostylus by the “‘first joint of the hind tarsi being as long as the two following’’. ‘‘The thoracic tubercle varies in position but little and is about one fourth to one third from the base, obtuse, but not rounded. The sides are emarginate behind the tubercle but straight and oblique in front of it. There are no closed tubercles (leC. 1874).” Dillon summarizes this genus as being small, elongate oblong forms with a narrow posternal process, and a comparatively broad meso- sternal process. The pronotal disk is feebly tri-tuberculate, densely punctate, with apical transverse sulcus wanting and broad entire basal sulcus forming a deep constriction behind the lateral tubercles which are placed at about the basal fourth (Dillon 1956).
The status of this genus needs clarification as no single structural character has been designated to allow generic distinction. Of inter- est, in the following species from Arizona, the basal pronotal margin is subequal or smaller than the apical margin. The converse is true in several of the eastern members of the genus i.e. S. moderator (Casey), S. wilti (Horn), S. mimeticus (Casey). This may be of future help in the redefining of this most difficult genus.
The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 53:195-203. July 1977.
196 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST
Key to the Species of Sternidius Occurring in Arizona 1. Fourth antennal segment subequal or shorter than scape centralis.
Fourth antennal segment distinctly longer thanscape ......... 2 2. Elytra distinctly costate, apices elongate.............. chemsaki Elytra with costae evanescent ........... 00... cece eee eee 3
3. Procoxal process one fifth or wider than procoxal cavity; pube- scence of disk uniform, cinereous, (except for black areas); com- mon macula small, welldemarcated .................... imitans Procoxal process usually very narrow, (about one tenth width of procoxal cavity); pubescence of disk less uniform with tawny and black elements; apical third of elytra usually darker. Common macula variable, usually not well delineated
4. Elytra with apex of central dark area placed behind middle; prono- tum without lateral vittae... 0... eee decorus Elytra with apex of central dark area placed at about middle; dis- tinct lateral vittae extend from behind mid-elytra to apical margin of PONTO CUTTS). 255. SM ve oY ae, PA ae SL ae incognitus
Sternidius chemsaki, new species
Male: Form small, elongate; integument reddish brown to black, covered with cinereous pubescence; elytra with linearly spaced small black tufts and without black maculae. Head impunctate, frons covered with cinereous pubescence. Antennae eleven segmented, slender, elongate, annulate, at least one and a half times body length; pub- escence cinereous, scarcely mottled, absent on apices of first seven segments and base and apex of distal four; fourth segment longer that scape, subequal to or slightly shorter than third, remaining segments gradually diminishing in length. Pronotum transverse, widest across lateral tubercles which are acute and placed at basal third; sides gradually divergent from anterior margin to lateral tubercles, then acutely constricted beneath forming a broad basal transverse sulcus; apex wider than base; disk with punctures small, dense, non contiguous, much smaller than those of elytra and partially obscured by pub- escence which is cinereous and uniform; three dark callosities present in the form of an inverted triangle behind middle and two on each side just beneath apical margins. (These may be more or less obsolete in some specimens.) Elytra with sides distinctly longer than wide, slightly expanded at middle and gradually convergent to apices which are pro- longed and acutely rounded. Disk with basal gibbosities prominent, piceous to black; im- mediately behind on each elytron is an obliquely placed more or less ferrugineus depres- sion which contrasts with the darker integument behind; costae distinct, evanescent be- fore apices; punctures dense, separate, partially obscured by pubescence, much larger than those of pronotum; largest behind basal gibbosities then becoming smaller and finer apically; pubescence recumbent, cinereous, (sometimes with tawny reflections) and with some condensation along costae; small black tufts present in variable number on basal gibbosities, along costae and sutural margin, and a prominent costate tuft is present at middle at apical third. Scutellum pubescent, impunctate, evenly rounded to triangular. Ventral surface with pubescence scarcely mottled on thoracic sternites, femora, and tibiae, uniform on abdominal sternites; procoxal process variable in size, usually one sixth to one fourth width of procoxal cavity; mesocoxal process slightly greater than one half width of mesocoxal cavity; distal tibiae usually darker with cinereous to black pub- escence dorsally. Length 5.6 - 8.3 mm.
Female: Fifth abdominal sternite at least twice as long as fourth, otherwise similar to male. Length 6.2 -8.9 mm.
VOL. 53, NO. 3, JULY 1977 197
Material examined: Holotype male, allotype (California Academy of Sciences) and 24 paratypes (10 male and 14 female) from Madera Canyon, Santa Rita Mountains, Santa Cruz county, Arizona, 4/5 Sept. 1966 (M.E. Pendleton); 21 July 1967 (A.E. Lewis); 17 July 1969 (A.E. Lewis); 21 Sept. 1969 (A.E. Lewis); 4 Sept. 1970; 19 Sept. 1970 (F.T. Hovore); 28 July 1971 (D.G. Marqua); 27 July 1972 (D.G. Marqua); 14-15 July 1975 (D.G. Marqua); 19 July 1975 (D.G. Marqua); 3 August 1975 (E. Giesbert); 24 July 1976 (D.G. Marqua); 8 August 1976 (A.E. Lewis); 21 July 1976 (F.T. Hovore); 27 July 1975 (F.T. Hovore). One female paratype, Miller Canyon, Cochise County Arizona, above 6000 ft. beating oak. Paratypes are deposited in the following collections: California Insect Survey, Berkeley; Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History; Whittier Narrows Nature Center, Los Angeles County; F.T. Hovore; E. Giesbert; and the collection of the author.
Most of the specimens seen have been taken at black light. This species may be differentiated from the others occurring in the same
area by the absence of elytral maculae, the prolonged elytral apices and the distinct costae.
Sternidius centralis (L_eConte)
Liopus centralis LeConte, 1884:24. Leng and Hamilton, 1896:123. Sternidius centralis, Dillon, 1956:218.
Male: Form small, moderately robust; integument reddish brown to piceous, densely clothed with a combination of hoary and tawny pubescence; elytra with black maculae, and minute black tubercles. Head impunctate, mottled with dense brownish and hoary pubescence; eyes with lower lobe variable in height relationship to genae; frons usually feebly transverse. Antennae cylindrical, elongate, annulate, about one and one half times body length; pubescence cinereous and tawny, absent on apices of segments one through seven, and on base and apex of distal four; second segment black, remaining segments distinctly mottled, diminishing in degree distally; fourth segment subequal or slightly shorther than scape, third segment longer than fourth, remaining segments grad- ually decreasing in length. Pronotum transverse, widest across lateral tubercles which are acute and placed at basal third; sides divergent to lateral tubercles, then acutely con- stricted behind forming the broad basal sulcus; basal margin subequal or shorter than apical; disk usually with three calluses forming an inverted triangle; two on each side of middle just behind apical margin, and one at basal third; punctations dense, shallow, minute, at least partially obscured by pubescence; pubescence variable, but predomin- ately hoary on side margins and lateral disk, and mixed with fulvous in the middle, form- img three more or less distinct and slightly divergent vittae through callosites. Elytra slightly shorter than twice the width with sides weakly emarginate on basal third behind humeri, then from approximately the middle, rounded to apices; apices obliquely truncate to rounded with feeble truncations at sutural margin; basal gibbosities moderate; integu- ment brown with dark spots as follows: acommon, more or less triangular, black macula with the apex at mid elytra, the base at apical third, and lateral extension terminating before middle of disk, and a macula placed just behind basal fourth on each side, ex- tending inferiorly to just behind middle, and medially to barely incorporate a small por- tion of the disk; costae variable, but usually semiprominent, partially obscured by pub- escence and containing distinct minute black tufted tubercles; punctures dense, subcon- fluent, partially obscured by pubescence, much larger than those on pronotal disk, largest behind humeri, then gradually diminishing in size and depth apically; pubescence generally a mixture of hoary and brown; the hoary pubescence more or less condensed over humeri, along suture at basal half and along costae at apical half; the macular areas and costal tubercles are covered with black pubescence. Scutellum impunctate, rounded, mottled with hoary and brown. Ventral surface with coxae, femora and thoracic sternites distinctly mottled, abdominal sternites uniformally hoary to cinereous pubescent; pro- coxal process one fourth to one third diameter of procoxal cavity; mesosternal process one half to two thirds width of mesocoxal cavity; legs with distal tibiae and tarsi black pubescent: fifth sternite less than twice as long as fourth. Length 5.8-6.8 mm.
198 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST
Female: Fifth sternite about twice as long as fourth, otherwise similar to male. Length 4.9-6.9mm.
Type locality: Arizona
Range: Santa Cruz, Pima and Pinal Counties, Southern Arizona.
Material examined: Fourteen specimens from the following localities: 7.5. mi. S.E. Oracle, Pinal Co., 1-5, 14 & 15 July 1973 (D.G. Marqua); Montosa Canyon, Santa Rita Mts. Santa Cruz Co., 18 July 1976 (D.G. Marqua); Tucson, Pima Co., 12 August 1947 (L.R. Gillogly, Sabino Canyon, Pima Co., 13 July 1972 (A.E. Lewis); Box Canyon, Santa Rita Mts. Pima Co., 2 & 8 July 1975 (D.G. Marqua); Madera Canyon, Santa Rita Mts., Santa Cruz Co., 11 July 1973 (D.G. Marqua).
S. centralis can be separated from the other maculate species in Arizona by its more robust form, semiprominent costae, and the characters given in the key. The adults are occasionally taken at light.
Sternidius imitans (Knull)
Leiopus imitans Knull, 1936:107.
Male: Form small, moderately robust; integument dark brown to piceous, densely clothed with recumbent cinereous pubescence; pronotal disk with three small callosites; elytra with black maculae and small black tufts. Head impunctate; frons covered with cin- ereous pubescence, horizontal to feebly transverse. Antennae slender, cylindrical, dis- tinctly mottled, extending at least one and one half times body length; pubescence ab- sent on apices of first six or seven segments, and on base and apex of remainder, much more uniform distally; fourth segment longer than scape, shorter than third, remaining segments gradually decreasing in length. Pronotum transverse, widest across acute lateral tubercles which are placed at basal fourth; sides gradually divergent from anterior margin to tubercles, then acutely constricted to form basal transverse sulcus; basal margin shorter than apical; punctures fine, dense, non confluent , obscured by uniform cinereous pubescence, three contrasting black pubescent callosities present, one behind middle and one on each side just beneath apical margins forming an inverted triangle. Scutellum impunctate, rounded to triangular, pubescent. Elytra about twice as long as wide, sides subparallel to basal third then slightly expanded and broadly convergent to apices which are usually rounded but may be subtruncate at sutural margin; basal gib- bosities not prominent; punctures distinct, dense, larger than those of pronotum, largest at basal third, then becoming finer apically, partiafly obscured by vestiture; pubescence recumbent, uniform, cinereous without an admixture of fulvous, usually with slight con- densation surrounding black macular areas; dense black pubescent macular areas as follows: a common rounded to triangular spot at about apical third not extending laterally beyond middle of disk and a lateral round spot at basal third on each side extending medially to include about one fourth to one third of the disk; in addition numerous black setae are linearly placed in five longitudinal rows; costae obsolete or evanescent. Ventral surface densely pubescent, with thoracic sternites, femora and tibiae distinctly mottled; procoxal process one fifth to one fourth the width of procoxal cavity; mesocoxal process about one half width of mesocoxal cavity; legs mottled with cinereous pubescence ex- cept for basal one fourth to one fifth of tibiae which are at least in part black annulate, and tarsi which are black pubescent dorsally. Fifth abdominal sternite less than twice length of fourth. Length 4.9-7.7 mm.
Female: Fifth sternite twice as long as fourth. Length 4.9- 7.3 mm.
Type locality: Davis Mountains, Texas.
Range: Davis Mountains Texas, mountains of southern Arizona to Hualapai Mountains, Mojave Co., Arizona. J,
Flight period: June to September
— Fig. 1. Sternidius chemsaki. Fig. 2. Sternidius centralis. Fig. 3. Sternidius imitans. Fig., 4. Sternidius decorus. Fig. 5. Sternidius incognitus.
VOL. 53, NO. 3, JULY 1977
199
Sli ing ae ilar
a
200 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST
Host: This species has been taken by beating foliage of various species of oak. (Quercus spp.)
Material examined: Thirty-seven specimens were examined from the following local- ities: numerous records from Madera Canyon, Santa Rita Mts., Santa Cruz Co. Ariz. on various dates in July, August and September; one, Montosa Canyon, Santa Rita Mts. Ariz. 10 July 1975 (D.G. Marqua); one, Montezuma National Memorial, Huachuca Mts. Cochise Co. Ariz. 27 July 1969 (A.E. Lewis); one, Hualapai Mts. Mojave Co. Ariz, 3 August 1975 (A.E. Lewis); Davis Mts., Brewster Co., Texas, 24 June 1948 (J.N. Knull); Davis Mts., June and July (A.E. Lewis).
S. imitans can be readily separated from the other species occur-
ring in the same area by the absence of fulvous pubescence, the wide separation of lateral and discal maculae and the characters given in the key.
Sternidius decorus (Fall)
Liopus decorus Fall, 1907:84
Sternidius centralis Dillion, 1956:218 (part).
Sternidius decorus, Linsley, Knull, and Statham, 1961:29. Sternidius alpha arizonensis Dillon, 1956:217 New Synonomy.
Male: Form small, moderately robust, integument reddish brown to piceous, covered with cinereous pubescence, often with black and tawny reflections; elytra with black maculae and minute scattered black spots. Head impunctate, covered with cinereous pubescence. Antennae linear, annulate, elongate, slightly more than one and a half times body length; pubescence cinereous, absent on apices of segments one through seven, and base and apex of remainder, distinctly mottled on scape and third segment, becom- ing less so on distal segments; second segment black; fourth segment longer than scape, subequal to or shorter than third, remaining segments gradually decreasing in length; pronotum transverse, widest across lateral tubercles which are acute and placed at basal third: sides gradually divergent to tubercles then acutely constricted behind forming basal transverse sulcus; basal margin subequal or shorter than apical; disk with punc- tures small, dense, partially hidden by vestiture; three distinct callosities in the form of an inverted triangle present on disk; elongate one at middle, and one just behind apical mar- gin on each side; pubescence scarcely mottled, cinereous, with or without a mixture of brownish in the central portion of the disk. Elytra moderately robust, length about twice width; sides subparallel to middle, (slightly indented behind humeri,) then barely ex- panded and broadly rounded to apices, which are obliquely truncate or rounded to sutural margin; basal gibbosities moderate, costae subobsolete, obscured by pubescence; punc- tures dense, distinct, subconfluent, much larger than those of pronotum, largest behind humeri then gradually becoming smaller and more shallow apically, all partially obscured by vestiture; pubescence predominantly cinereous and black with a variable admixture of tawny; black pubescent areas include a macula on each side placed at about basal fourth which extends medially to include at least the lateral third of the disk, a common triangu- lar area with apex behind mid elytra, the sides diverging at about 45 degrees to meet a poorly formed and variable base which may or may not extend to the lateral margin; anter- ior to this macula, the pubescence is uniformly cinereous, with or without tawny, forming a saddle, posteriorly the vestiture is usually darker, variable, and made up of cinereous, tawny and black elements; in addition, small black spots are present longitudinally, (the size and extent varying with individual specimens). Ventral surface pubescent with thoracic sternites and femora mottled. Procoxal process very narrow, about one tenth the width of procoxal cavity; mesocoxal process about one half width of mesocoxal cavity; tibiae distally and tarsi black; abdomen with fifth sternite about as long as fourth. Length 4.4-7.0mm.
Female: Fifth abdominal sternite twice as long as fourth. Length 4.2 - 7.2 mm.
Type locality: of decorus, Williams, Arizona; of alpha arizonensis, Cave Creek, Chiricahua Mts., Arizona.
VOL. 53, NO. 3, JULY 1977 201
Host: This species is taken at black light and has been captured beating dead branches of various species of oaks in montane southern and northern Arizona.
Range: Montane areas of southern Arizona, Cochise and Santa Cruz Counties to Coco- nino County.
Flight period: July and August.
Material examined: Eighty-seven specimens from the following localities: Madera Canyon, Santa Rita Mts. Santa Cruz Co., July and August; Montosa Canyon, Santa Rita Mts., 10 July 1975 (D.G. Marqua); Miller Canyon, Huachuca Mts. Cochise Co., various dates in July (A.E. Lewis); Dragoon Mts. Cochise Co., 19 July 1972 (D.G. Marqua); 4 mi. S.E. Patagonia, Santa Cruz Co., 4 July 1974 (D.G. Marqua).
While studying numerous examples of Sternidius centralis, it became apparent that the name covered two distinct species. These corresponded to S. centralis (LeConte) and S. decorus (Fall) based upon examination of photographs of the types. Therefore, S. decorus has been resurrected as a valid species. The type of S. a/pha arizonen- sis (Dillon) appears to be just a small specimen of S. decorus (Fall).
S. decorus can be readily distinguished from S. imitans by the pre- sence of fulvus pubescence, by having the common macula ill- defined and usually extending to the lateral margin of the elytral disk, and the characters given in the key. It is separable from S. centralis by having the procoxal process narrower, about one tenth the width of the procoxal cavity in most specimens, and in having the fourth antennal segment distinctly longer than the scape.
Sternidius incognitus New species
Male: Form small, moderately robust; color brown to piceous, covered with predomin- antly cinereous pubescence; sides of pronotum and elytra with black markings. Head impunctate, covered with cinereous pubescence; frons transverse. Antennae at least one and a half times as long as body, slender, annulate; scape slightly mottled, third segment much less so, subopaque; pubescence of remaining segments sparse, more or less uni- form; fourth segment longer than scape, subequal to third; remainder of segments grad- ually decreasing in length. Pronotum transverse, widest across acute lateral tubercles which are placed at basal third; sides gradually divergent to tubercles then abruptly con- stricted behind forming the basal transverse sulcus; basal and apical margins subequal; punctures small, dense, shallow, partially obscurred by vestiture; disk with three callosites, more or less coalescent and devoid of cinereous pubescence; one each side of middle just behind apex, one median, elongate, extending to basal margin; sides with a distinct fuscous vitta running the entire length of pronotum. Scutellum triangular to broadly rounded, impunctate, pubescent. Elytra moderately robust, about as long as wide; sides subparallel to middle (scarcely indented behind humeri), then slightly ex- panded and gradually convergent to apex, apices rounded to subtruncate; punctures of disk dense, subconfluent, much larger than those of pronotum, largest at basal third, then gradually decreasing in size to apex, partially obscured by pubescence; punctation of sides distinct, subconfluent (as large as disk), not obscured by pubescence along vittae; costae evanescent; macular areas as follows: disk with a common black triangular area with its apex at mid-elytra, and sides diverging from suture at an angle of about 45 de- grees or greater, not or reaching the lateral border; sides with a lateral vitta, extending from behind middle to basal margin, then along sides of pronotum as above described. The vitta encroaches medially to include less than one tenth of the disk, and is thus sub- obsolete when viewed from above; pubescence black over vittae, cinereous with tawny components forming a saddle anterior to common macula, behind (within the demarcated apical area) darker, composed of black, cinereous, and tawny elements in variable com- bination; rows of small blackish spots varying in extent and number among individuals
202 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST
present. Underside scarcely mottled; femora with dark spot just proximal to club on some specimens, distal tibiae black, annulate; tarsi black; procoxal process narrow, about one tenth the width of procoxal cavity; mesocoxal process about one half the width of meso- coxal cavity; fifth abdominal sternite subequal to fourth. Length 4.7 - 6.2 mm.
Female: Fifth abdominal sternite about twice the length of fourth. Length 4.7 - 6.0 mm.
Material examined: Holotype female, (California Academy of Sciences) Madera Canyon, Santa Rita Mts. Santa Cruz County, Arizona, 10-15 July 1975 (A.E. Lewis). Twelve para- types: four females, three males, same data as holotype; two males, one female, Madera Canyon, 27 July 1976 (F.T. Hovore); two males, Miller Canyon, Huachuca Mts. Cochise County, Arizona 20-24 July 1969 (A.E. Lewis). Paratypes are deposited in the California Insect Survey, Berkeley; Whittier Narrows Nature Center Collection, Los Angeles County; F.T. Hovore Collection; and that of the author.
This species is closely related and structurally similar to S. decorus and it has been taken in conjunction with that species above 6000 ft. beating dead oak, (Quercus sp.). It differes in having the sides of the pronotum and elytra vittate; the dorsal macula placed at mid-elytra;
and the subopaque, scarcely mottled third antennal segment.
Acknowledgments
The author wishes to express his sincere appreciation to the fol- lowing individuals for making available necessary type specimens for study: Dr. George W. Byers, Curator, Snow Entomological Museum, University of Kansas, Lawrence; Dr. John Chemsak, University of Cal- ifornia, Berkeley; D. Kavanaugh and Hugh B. Leech, California Academy of Sciences, Golden Gate Park, San Francisco.- He also wishes to thank Ed Giesbert, F.T. Hovore, and David G. Marqua for supplying numerous specimens for study. For encouragement, criti- cism, valuable suggestions, and necessary literature, the author is most grateful to Dr. John Chemsak, Berkeley, Dr. Charles Hogue, Los Angeles County Museum, and Roy Snelling, Los Angeles County Museum.
Literature Cited
Blatchley, W.S. 1910. Coleoptera of Indiana. Nature Pub. Co, Indianapolis. pp. 1-1386.
Casey, T.L. 1891. Coleopterological Notices Ill. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. pp. 9-214. 1913. Il — Further Studies Among the American Longicornia. Mem. Coleopt. 4:193-400.
Chemsak, J.A. and E.G. Linsley. 1976. Checklist of the Beetles of Canada, United States, Mexico, Central America, and the West Indies. Vol. |, Part 6. The Longhorn Beetles and the Family Disteniidae. (Red Version). Biol. Res. Inst. Amer. pp. 1- 224.
Dillon, L.S. 1956. The Nearctic Components of the Tribe Acanthocinini, Part III. Ann. Entomol Soc. Amer., 49(3):208-220.
Fall, H.C. 1907. New Genera and Species of N. Amer. Cerambycidae J. N. Y. Entomol. Soc. 15:80-87.
Haldeman, S.S. 1847. Materials Toward a History of the Longicornia. Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc. 2:27-66.
VOL. 53, NO. 3, JULY 1977 203
Horn, G.H. 1880. Notes on Some Genera of Cerambycidae with Descriptions of New Species. Trans. Amer. Entomol. Soc. 8:115-138.
Knull, J.N. 1936. Five New Southwestern Coleoptera (Buprestidae and Cerambycidae) Entomol. News, 47:105-108. 1946. The Longhorn Beetles of Ohio. Ohio Biol. Surv. Bull. 39:133-354.
LeConte, J.L. 1852. Catalogue of the Melyrides of U.S. with Descriptions of New Species. Proc. of Phil. Acad. Nat. Sci. pp. 163-171. 1874. New Species of North American Coleoptera. Smiths. Misc. Collect. pp. 169-240. 1884. Short Studies of N.A. Coleoptera, No. 2. Trans. Amer. Entomol. Soc. 12:1-32.
Leng, C.W. and J. Hamilton. 1896. The Lamiinae of N. America Trans. Amer. Entomol. Soc. 23:101-178.
Linsley E.G., J.N. Knull and M. Statham. 1961. A List of Cerambycidae from the Chiricahua Mountain Area, Cochise Co. Ariz. Amer. Mus. Novit. pp. 1-34.
ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE
The following Opinions have been published recently by the In- ternational Commission on Zoological Nomenclature.
Opinion No. 1065 (Bull. zool. Nom. 33 (3&4) page 151) Polyzonium germanicum Brandt, 1837, conserved: Platyu/lus audouinii Gervais, 1836, suppressed (Diplopoda, POLY ZONIIDAE).
Opinion No. 1066 (Bull. zool. Nom. 33 ( 3&4) page 155) Lyda alter- nans Costa, 1859 under plenary powers given precedence over Lyda inanis Klug, 1808 (Insecta: Coleoptera).
Opinion No. 1073 (Bull. zool. Nom. 33 (3&4) page 172). Under | plenary powers family name RIODINIDAE Grote, 1895 (Lepidoptera) to have precedence as from 1827 and ERYCINIDAE Swainson, 1827 ruled in- valid and placed on Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Family-Group Names in Zoology.
Opinion No.1075 (Bull. zool. Nom. 33 (3&4) page 176) Striglina Guenée given precedence under plenary powers over Daristane Walker, 1859 (Lepidoptera, THYRIDIDAE).
The Commission cannot supply separates of Opinions.
204 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST
SCIENTIFIC NOTE
The Unusual Seasonal Occurrence of Blister Beetles in the Colorado Desert (Coleoptera: Meloidae). — The adults of most of the Meloidae found in the Colorado Desert of southern California are active in spring, primarily from February to May. This activity follows the period of maximum precipitation for the area (December and January). Three of these vernal species, Phodaga alticeps LeConte, Pleuropasta mirabilis (Horn), and Spastonyx nemognathoides (Horn), were unexpectedly collected in early October, 1976. A single specimen of S. nemognathoides was swept from Co/denia palmeri Gray, 8 km (5 mi) E. Mecca, on 5 October, and especially noteworthy, hundreds of individuals of both Phodaga alticeps and Pleuropasta mirabilis were observed in the desert area 9.6 km (6 mi) W. Holtville. Large populations of the latter two species were first observed on 29 September and persisted at least until 9 October. During this period smaller numbers of P. a/ticeps were also found at two other localities in the Imperial Valley: ca. 5 km (3 mi) NE. Harpers Well, and along the International Boundary, ca. 19 km (12 mi) W. Calexico.
These species have never, or only rarely, been collected at times other than spring or early summer in the Colorado Desert. All literature records of S. nemognathoides (Selander, 1954, Coleopterists Bull., 8:11-18; Werner, Enns and Parker, 1966, Agr. Exp. Sta. Univ. Arizona Tech. Bull. 175) as well as collections that | have examined, indicate a March to May distribution. The seasonal distribution of P. a/ticeps was summarized recently (Pinto, 1972, Canadian Ento., 104:577-595). Four-fifths of the records in southern California and the adjacent low desert regions of Arizona are from March and April. A single collection of two specimens taken in October 1967 from Holtville and one in September (year and locality unknown) represent the only previous records of this common species from the area after July. The data for P. mirabilis are similar. A treatment of this species by Werner et a/. (ibid.) gives March to July as the seasonal range in Arizona. Of the numerous records from southern California that | have seen, only two are from autumn: one series was taken 7 mi (11.2 km) S. Ripley, 19 October 1951; and another from 19 mi (30.4 km) W. Blythe, 18 October 1959.
Fall emergence of typically vernal blister beetles is probably related to high levels of late summer rainfall, a relatively rare phenomenon in southern California. The 1976 emergence was probably triggered, at least in part, by the extensive and heavy precipita- tion occurring throughout southern California during September. These rains were the result of a tropical storm system that extended farther north than usual. Although this system dominated the area for much of the month, the heaviest rains occurred during the second week. Monthly precipitation totals at various Colorado Desert stations ranged from 74.4mm (2.93 in) at Brawley (ca. 25 km NW. Holtville) to 144.0 mm (5.67 in) at Mecca. This contrasts with the normal September average of 5 to 7.5 mm (0.2 to 0.3 in) and an annual average between 50 and 75 mm (2 and 3 in) for most locals (U.S. Weather Bureau Data). Tropical storms do not commonly influence the area extensively, but highly scattered thundershowers may bring high levels of rainfall to localized areas on almost any given year.
The adults of Phodaga alticeps and Pleuropasta mirabilis were feeding on the flowers of Coldenia palmeri, their usual host. Munz (1959, A California Flora) lists the blooming period for this desert perennial as April to June. A full bloom did occur in early October, 1976, however, providing the meloids with their normal food source.
The autumnal emergence of the species discussed here does not necessarily suggest a second generation. It has been my experience that in dry years some of the vernal species are scarce or absent during their normal season of activity. Ontogenetic studies indicate that the resistant coarctate larva of meloids is capable of existing several years before continuing development (e.g. see Selander and Mathieu, 1964, Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer., 57:711-732). Interestingly, winter 1975-76 was relatively dry. Almost all of the measurable rainfall occurred during a single storm in February. Repeated searches for both P. mirabilis and P. alticeps the following spring resulted in only a few scattered specimens of the latter. Thus it is possible that the autumn populations of both species stemmed from a parental generation that was active more than a year earlier. — JOHN D. PINTO, Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside 92521.
The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 53:204. July 1977.
A New Species of North American Scotolinx with Taxonomic Notes on the Genus (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae)
Gordon Gordh Systematic Entomology Laboratory, I/BIII, Agr. Res. Serv., USDA!
Ashmead (1904) described Scofolinx in a key to the genera of Elachertini, but he did not give a description of the type-species, S. gallicola Ashmead. This paper describes that species. Ishii (1953) described Scotolinx phyllocnistis based on females reared from Phyl- locnistis citrella Stainton (Lepidoptera) taken at Nagasaki, Japan. Subba Rao and Ramamani (1966) described S. quadristriata based on material reared from the same host species on citrus in India. Boucek (pers. comm.) is transferring quadristriata to another genus and Kamijo is transferring phyllocnistis to still another genus; these species will not be considered in this paper.
A large series of specimens representing an underscribed species of Scotolinx was sent to me by Mr. Jack Hall, Division of Biological Control, University of California, Riverside. Description of this species also provides an opportunity to characterize the genus more properly.
Scotolinx Ashmead
Scotolinx Ashmead, 1904. Mem. Carnegie Mus. 1 (4): 354, 355. Type- species: Scotolinx gallicola Ashmead. Original Designation. Scotolinx Girault, 1916. Mem. Queensland Mus. 5: 216. Type-species: Scotolinx
gallicola Girault. Original Designation. (Redescription of Ashmead’s type-material.)
Female: Head wider than tall; compound eye with minute, pale setae; clypeal margin weakly bilobed; mandible bidentate with a broad truncation which may be finely serrated; maxillary palpus 2-segmented; labial palpus 1-segmented; antennal formula 1,1,2,2,3; torulus inserted above imaginary line extending between ventral margins of compound eyes. Pronotum not shouldered, sloping anteriorly, collar not margined; scutellum with 2 pairs of large setae and 1 pair of discoid sensilla; meson of metanotum not strongly tumid; propodeum without median carina. Fore wing with costal cell and basal cell setose; submarginal vein not projecting strongly into basal cell; stigma bulbous; ventral
surface of fore wing with some setae projecting perpendicular to wing surface. Hind wing with 3 hamuli.
Male: With the characters of the female, but the body has metallic coloration and the antennal formula is 1,1,2,2,3 or 1,1,2,3,2.
Scotolinx is related to Pseudolynx Girault and Aulogymnus Foerster (= Olynx Foerster). These genera represent a continuum in a mor- phological transformation series, and the characters that may be used to differentiate them are mostly qualitative. A strong argument can be made for synonymizing them. However, | do not have ade- quate evidence to synonymize them. Table 1 gives the characters which may be used to distinguish these genera.
‘Mail address: c/o U.S. National Museum, Washington, D.C. 20560.
The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 53:205-210. July 1977.
206 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST
Table 1. Characters used to differentiate Scotolinx, Aulogymnus, and Pseudolynx.
Female Propodeal Basal Metanotal Sexual Taxon antenna carina Stigma cell meson Pronotum = dichromism Scotolinx 1,1,2,2,3 absent bulbous setose not tumid not yes shouldered Aulogymnus — 1,1,2,3,2 present parallel- asetose not tumid not no sided shouldered Pseudolynx 1,1,2,2,3 absent parallel- setose tumid shouldered ? (2 spp.) sided evanescent (1 sp.)
Girault (1915) created Cirrospilopsis for 3 Australian species which | have not seen. The generic name was preoccupied by Cirrospilopsis Brethes, 1913 and therefore Gahan and Fagan (1923) proposed Giraultia for the species formerly included in Cirrospilopsis Girault.
From the original characterization of Cirrospilopsis Girault it is not possible to identify that genus. Girault (1916, 1917a, 1917b) placed 3 North American species in the genus and these were retained in Giraultia by Muesebeck et al. (1951). Each of the North American species is known only from the few specimens used in the original descriptions and the species have not been recovered elsewhere.
Judging from the descriptions of the Australian species and the type-material of the North American species, Giraultia is a loose as- semblage of species because there is extensive morphological varia- tion.
Scotolinx sapientia (Girault), New Combination, was characterized by Girault (1917b) as having tridentate mandibles but examination of the head of a slide mounted type-specimen reveals that the mandible is bidentate with a finely serrated truncation. This, combined with the noncarinate propodeum, antennal formula, setose basal cell of the fore wing, and non-shouldered pronotum refers sapientia to Scotolinx as that genus is understood here. The remaining 2 species of Girau/tia from North America do not appear congeneric but | hesi- tate to place them without additional material, further study of related genera, and examination of the Australian species of Giraultia.
| designate as Lectotype of S. sapientia a point-mounted female whose head, wings, and antennae are mounted on a slide. (USNM type no. 20217.) sent
Scotolinx gallicola Ashmead
Female: 1.68mm long. Body pale yellow except anteromedial area of pronotum, posterior margin of gastral terga 2-5, and antennal flagellum dusky. Legs concolorous with body. Fore wing and hind wing hyaline. Dark, conspicuous setae on vertex and head surface posterior to compound eye extending ventrally to genal suture. Mandible (Fig. 1) with truncation bearing microstriae. Antenna (Fig. 2) with funicular segments as long as wide; club compact, maximal width greater than funicular segment maximal width.
Mesosomal chaetotaxy: Pronotum setose along posterior margin and lateral region; mesoscutum with 2 pairs of small setae medially; scapula with 2 large setae and several
VOL. 53, NO. 3, JULY 1977 207
small setae; metanotum asetose; axilla with 1 large seta; propodeal callus with several small, pale setae anteriorly, 2 large, dark setae posteriorly. Costal cell of fore wing with a line of setae along distal half of cell anterior-margin, a line of setae extending the length of the cell halfway between its anterior and posterior margins. Gastral terga 1-4 setose laterally, remaining terga uniformly setose.
Male: 1.55mm long. Similar to the female in habitus and chaetotaxy; differing in that the vertex is dusky, medial portion of the pronotum, mesoscutum, scutellum, axilla, metanotum, and propodeum are metallic dark green. Gaster reddish brown.
Redescribed from 4 males, 2 females, and parts of a third female. All specimens are in the USNM collection. | designate as Lectotype a female mounted on acard with 3 males; | have drawn an arrow to the female. Labels on the pin read: ‘78’, “liverpool galls M. lithifolia,”’ “USNM type no. 12793,” and ‘“‘Scotolinx gallicola 9d type Ashm.”’.
| noted little variation in the type-series, probably because the series is small.
Scotolinx california, new species
Female: 2.28mm long. Head yellow except the following darkened areas: hypostomal bridge; transverse stripe above occiput extending between compound eyes; spot be- tween torulus and compound eye; genal sulcus; transverse, interrupted stripe extending between lower margins of compound eye. Mesosoma yellow except dark anteromedial portion of pronotum, notaulix, longitudinal stripe on lateral portion of mesoscutellum, meson, and anteriolateral portions of metanotum. Propodeum metallic dark green. Gaster uniformly dark brown. Ventral surface of antennal scape pale, dorsal surface and remain- ing segments dusky. Legs pale except dusky hind coxa, trochanter, and femur. Fore wing (Fig. 7) hyaline with dusky area adjacent to stigmal vein and junction of submarginal and marginal veins; fainter duskiness along apical wing-margin. Hind wing hyaline. Head with uniformly reticulate sculpture. Anterior and posterior surfaces adjacent to compound eye with a more dense vestiture of dark setae. Compound eye with small, pale, fine, sparsely distributed setae. Toruli separated by slightly more than width of a torulus. Mandible (Fig. 3) with 2 well-defined teeth and a broad truncation that is subdivided into at least 3 microscopic teeth. Antennal scape and pedicel (Fig. 4) setose, with bold, reti- culate striae that connect setal sockets; second annulus setose; first funicular segment slightly longer than second; rhinaria on both funiculars and club.
Mesosoma with uniformly reticulate striae except posterolateral area of metanotum. Chaetotaxy: pronotum with small setae anterolaterally, a line of large setae along pos- terior margin; mesoscutum with 3 pairs of large setae, 1 pair of small setae; scapula with a large medial pair and 4 small lateral pairs of setae; propodeal callus with moderately abundant vestiture of long thin, pale setae. Gastral terga with lightly incised striae; terga 1 and 2 with a few setae laterally; tergum 3 with lateral setae and a line of setae extending along posterior tergal margin; tergum 4 with posterior half setose; terga 5-7 densely and uniformly setose. Sterna 1-6 with lightly incised reticulate sculpture, asetose; subgenital plate smooth, with a few setae basally, becomming striated and densely setose apically; basal half of gonocoxite with reticulate sculpture, asetose, distal half smooth and with 2 longitudinal lines of setae. Gonostylus moderately setose. Ovipositor not strongly exserted, 2.48 times longer than hind tibia; gonostylus 0.61 times as long as hind tibia. Fore wing costal cell with 2 lines of setae, anterior line along cell margin on distal half of cell, posterior line anterior to venation and extending length of costal cell. Dorsomedial surface of submarginal vein with a row of setae; marginal and postmarginal veins densely setose; stigma sparsely setose. Dorsal surface of wing densely setose; speculum weakly developed; ventral surface of wing with 2 rows of long setae perpendicular to wing sur- face and parallel to marginal vein; marginal fringe short; postmarginal vein not well defined, about 1.5 times longer than stigmal vein; submarginal vein 1.4 times longer than marginal vein. Hind wing hyaline; submarginal vein and apex of marginal vein pigmented;
208 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST
ee AS i Grab say Serie Oe Pee ot ieee SSDS SN ay ne SN ME et Sah EY ~ aa 6: tal oN ele AS 2 PF ‘ \\ eee le ea a 4 my Tory A RES ea | Fa ee aS. ae
yeaa Vy \ \
ss
& X
ve os
ee
—
Figs. 1-7. Scotolinx spp. Fig. 1. Female mandible of S. gallicola (paralectotype). Fig. 2. Female antenna of S. gallicola (paralectotype). Fig. 3. Female mandible of S. california (holotype). Fig. 4. Female antenna of S. california (holotype). Fig. 5. Female hind wing hamuli of S. california (holotype). Fig. 6. Male antenna of S. california (allotype). Fig. 7. Female fore wing of S. california (paratype).
VOL. 53, NO. 3, JULY 1977 209
submarginal vein asetose; marginal vein with a dorsomedial line of setae extending vein length; hamular setae long, curved anteriad, curved portions not opposable (Fig. 5); mar- ginal vein with a line of fine, small setae posterior to hamuli.
Male: 1.29mm long. Similar to the female in habitus, sculpture, and chaetotaxy; differing in that the vertex is dusky and the mesosoma is predominantly metallic green with patterns as follows: pronotum with longitudinal mesal stripe; mesoscutum except anterolateral portion near notaulices; scapula with lateral spot; axilla with 2 pale stripes; metanotum and propodeum metallic dark green. Gaster shining brown. Antenna (Fig. 6) 9 segmented (1,1,2,3,2); funicle segments pedunculate; funicle 1 slightly longer than second or third funicular segments; second and third funicular segments subequal; scape and pedicel with moderately incised striae; remaining segments smooth.
Material examined: 11 females and 24 males from cynipid galls on ‘‘stam. fis.” of Quercus agrifolia Nee collected by P. H. Timberlake at Whittier, Calif. on 17 April 1913, 1 male collected from a window pane by H. C. Compere at Whittier, Calif. on 24 February 1922; 5 males and 4 females collected from Callirhytis flora Weld on Quercus wislizeni Candolle at Felton, Calif. during 1947 by L. H. Weld; and 4 males and 5 females collected from a cynipid gall on Quercus sp. 9 Feb. and 27 Apr. 1893 in Kern County, Calif. by an unknown collector (Bureau of Entomology no. 5524°). (According to Bureau of Entomo- logy records the latter specimens were probably collected by Coquillett.)
Holotype: Slide-mounted female collected at Felton, Calif., 1947, by L. H. Weld from C. flora on Q. wislizeni (USNM type no. 73743). Allotype male from the same locality and with the same collection data. Both are deposited in the U.S. National Museum. 22 male and 10 female paratypes are deposited in the Division of Biological Control, University of California, Riverside, 1 male and 1 female paratypes are deposited in the British Museum (Natural History), and the remainder of the paratypical material is in the USNM collection.
Variation: Females from Whittier have the metanotum uniformly pale yellow, the pro- podeum is pale yellow except the anterior and posteriomedial margins, the gaster is pale on the apex, lateral, and ventral surfaces; some specimens have supernumerary small setae on the mesoscutum, and some specimens have the fore wing nearly hyaline where it is infuscated on the holotype, and some specimens have the infuscation extending nearly half the length of the wing. Some specimens from Kern County have the scutellum mottled, the propodeum may be metallic blue green, or the male can be pale marked behind the propodeal spiracle; the male fore wing can also be hyaline. The hind coxa is sometimes dark reddish brown. Some males from Whittier have the medial pronotal pig- mentation not reaching the posterior margin of the pronotum, the scapula has pigmented medial areas, the scutellum is not extensively pigmented lateral to the paired setae, and the meson of the metanotum can be yellow or have a small pigmented spot.
The specific name ‘‘california’’ is a noun in apposition and refers to the state of Cali- fornia, the region from which the species has been recovered.
Scotolinx california compares well with the type-species. Females of gallicola have a more truncate mandible (Fig. 1), the funicular seg- ments are shorter, and the club is more compact (Fig. 2). The setae on the head posterior to the compound eye and on the scapula are thicker, dark, and more conspicuous, and the setae on the pronotum are more dense and dark in gallicola. Males of gallico/a have the entire mesoscutum and scutellum dark metallic green. Scotolinx gallicola has been recovered from galls on bottle brush in New South Wales,
Australia; S. california presumably parasitizes gall-forming cynipids on oak in California.
The fact that the male of california has an extra funicular segment could be taken as grounds for the creation of anew genus. Otherwise the male and female agree with Scotolinx. It seems more reasonable
210 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST
to expand the concept of Scotolinx to accommodate the new species than to create a new genus. .
LITERATURE CITED
Ashmead, W. H. 1904. Classification of the Chalcid Flies or the Superfamily Chalcidoidea, with Descriptions of New Species in the Carnegie Museum, Collected in South America by Herbert H. Smith. Mem. Carnegie Mus. 1 (4): 225-551.
Gahan, A. B. and M. M. Fagan 1923. The Type Species of the Genera of Chalcidoidea or Chalcid-flies. U. S. Natl. Mus., Bul. 124, 173 pp.
Girault, A. A. 1915. Australian Hymenoptera Chalcidoidea — IV. Supplement. Mem. Queensland Mus. 3: 180-299.
Girault, A.A. 1916. New Miscellaneous Chalcidoid Hymenoptera with Notes on Des- cribed Species. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Amer., 9 (3): 291-308.
Girault, A.A. 1917a. A metallic species of Cirrospilopsis from Maryland (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae). Psyche 24 (3): 100.
Girault, A. A. 1917b. Descriptiones Hymenoptorum Chalcidoidicarum Variorum cum Observationibus. V. 16 pp. (privately printed).
Ishii, T. 1953. A report on the studies of the parasitic wasps of injurious insects. Fac. Agr. Tokyo Univ. Agr. Tech. Bul. 1 (2): 1-10.
Muesebeck, C. W. F. et al. 1951. Hymenoptera of America North of Mexico. Synoptic Catalog. U.S. Dept. Agr. Agr. Monog. 2, 1420 pp.
Subba Rao, B. R. and S. Ramamani, 1966. Biology of Cirrospiloideus phyllocnistoides (Narayanan) and description of a new species, Scotolinx quadristriata (Hyme- noptera: Eulophidae) as parasites of Phyllocnistis citrella Stainton. Indian J. Entomol. 27 (4): 408-413.
SCIENTIFIC NOTE
New Records of Mayflies (Ephemeroptera) from California and Mexico'. — A collection of mayflies on loan from the California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, includes new records of Ametropus ammophilus Allen & Edmundsd and of Choroterpes (Choroterpes) inornata Eaton.
Ametropus ammophilus was described from northwestern Washington, and is known from western Montana and western Oregon. A collection of nymphs from Upper Truckee River, 0.16 km. downstream from Highway 50 bridge (depth 0.7 meters), El Dorado Co., California 20-XI-69, W. Arthur Noble, constitute a new state record for California. Choro- terpes inornata was described from northern Sonora, Mexico and Arizona, and specimens of the species have been reported also from southern Colorado and New Mexico. Nymphs of C. inornata collected in a stream at Rancho Cuevas Pintas, 9 miles west Loreto, Baja California Sur, Mexico, 18-V-69, S.C. Williams, represent a new record of the species from Baja California and is the only mayfly to be reported from Baja California Sur. — RICHARD K. ALLEN, Department of Biology, California State University, Los Angeles, 90032.
'The research and writing of this note was supported by funds from National Science Foundation Grant BMS 75-17661.
The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 53:210. July 1977.
A New Megaleuctra from California
(Plecoptera: Leuctridae)
Wayne C. Fields, Jr.
10325 Indian Hill Rd. Newcastle, California 95658
According to Baumann (1973) there are five extant species of the genus Megaleuctra, all from North America. Until this time, the genus was not known to occur in California. This paper describes a sixth species, Megaleuctra sierra, taken on a tributary of the North Fork of the American River in Placer County, California, at an elevation of approximately 3500 feet.
Shirttail Creek is a small stream running through a steep-sided, heavily wooded canyon in the upper zone of the yellow pine forest. The specimen was taken from the foliage of the dominant streamside shrub Cornus sessilis Torrey ex Durand.
Baumann (1973) suggests that Megal/euctra is stenothermic in character and part of the fauna of springlike areas. A few spring seepages are present in the immediate vicinity of the capture area; it is not likely that this specimen originated in Shirttail Creek itself, as the benthos of the stream was heavily sampled by me the preceding year.
Megaleuctra sierra, new species (Figs. 1-3)
Holotype female.—Macropterous. Length of forewings 15 mm; length of body 14 mm, excluding extended subgenital plate. Overall color yellowish brown. Body sparsely covered with fine hairs, most abundant on abdominal terminalia. Ocelli approximately equally spaced, those posterior nearer to eyes than to each other. Palps dark brown. Antennae dark brown, long, over 40 segments (tips broken off). Pronotum wider than long, posterior corners cut off forming two small flat sides; pronotum brown, darkest either side of midline, becoming yellowish brown at margins. Raised portions of remainder of thorax heavily sclerotized, dark brown. Legs darkest at joints. Second tarsal segment short, first segment nearly. as long as second and third together; first and second segments yellow, third dark brown. Wings dusky yellow, darkest at tips, with heavy brown veins. Pronounced dark areas in the center and distal portions of the costal space beyond the cord and near cubito-anal crossvein in front wing. Rs with four branches, and sixth anal vein in hind wing paler than other veins and not reaching wing margin (Fig. 1). Abdomen pale brown dorsally, with a small oval sclerotized spot on either side of the midline on anterior margin of segments 1-9. Abdomen more heavily sclerotized on venter, dark yellowish brown; small paired depressions, one either side of midline near center of segments 1-7 and at base of subgenital plate (Fig. 2). subgenital plate (eighth sternite) with thin lateral flange at base, then drawn out past tip of abdomen to a length of approxi- mately 1.5mm, and rounded at apical extremity (Figs. 2, 3); color mostly dark brown. Ninth tergite formed into a dark brown ovipositor-like structure and lying within the evenly
The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 53:211-214. July 1977.
212 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST
Fig. 1-3. Megaleuctra sierra Fields. Fig. 1. wings. Fig. 2. Female terminalia, ventral view. Fig. 3. Female terminalia, lateral view.
VOL. 53, NO. 3, JULY 1977 213
curved plate and extending three-fourths its length. Tenth tergite with low, dark protuberances above the inconspicuous cerci, one on either side of a median depression which extends forward to include the posterior portion of the ninth tergite; central portion of tenth tergite extends posteriorly as a triangular shelf (Fig. 3).
Holotype, female, Shirttail Creek, western edge of Tahoe National Forest, Placer County, California. V1I-9-1974. W.C. Fields, Jr. (authors’ collection).
M. sierra can be separated from the other known species in the genus not only by geographic location but also by anatomical dif- ferences exhibited by the female terminalia and wing venation. M. sierra was taken in central California, over 300 miles south of other collections of the genus. The subgenital plate is similar to that of M. spectabilis Neave (1934) and M. complicata Claassen (Zwick, 1973), but is both longer and narrower. Claassen (1937) equated M. spectabilis Neave with M. stigmata Banks 1900. This has not been generally accepted as noted by Frison (1942), and W.E. Ricker (personal communication)!. | have been unable to locate any description of the female terminalia of M. stigmata. If it should prove to be the same as that of M. spectabilis, it will still be shorter than that of M. sierra. The subgenital plate of M. sierra is much shorter than that of M. williamsae Hanson (Baumann, 1973). The females of M. flinti Baumann (1973) and M. kincaidi Frison (1942) are unknown.
Considerable variation in wing venation exists in Megaleuctra, particularly as regards the number of branches in the radial sector; in M. sierra, there are four in both the front and hind wings. There are two each in M. spectabilis and M. williamsae Hanson (1941), and three in M. complicata Claassen (Frison, 1942). In addition, each of the first two mentioned has in the hind wing a complete sixth anal vein, whereas the new species does not. Dr. W.E. Ricker (personal communication) is in possession of a male paratype of M. kincaidi which has two and three branches of Rs in the front wings, two and four in the hind wings, and an incomplete sixth anal vein. Claassen (1937) mentions only that the wing venation of M. stigmata is similar to that of M. spectabilis. | have been unable to find in the literature any illustrations of the hind wings of M. complicata as well as any illustrations of the fore and hind wings of M. flinti. Dr. Ricker has informed me that the distribution of pigment in the outer costal cell of the wing is a character of potential importance, stating that the only other species with a similar pigment distribution to that of M. sierra (pigment not reaching the end of the cell) is M. kincaidi.
Acknowledgements
| am very grateful to Dr. Ricker for his careful study of my specimen and for encouraging me to describe it under the proposed name even though it may later prove to be the as yet undescribed female of M. kincaidi.
‘Letter from Dr. W.E. Ricker, Pacific Biological Station, Nanaimo, B.C., Feb. 14, 1977.
214 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST
Literature Cited
Baumann, R.W. 1973. New Megaleuctra from the eastern United States (Plecoptera: Leuctridae). Entomol., News, 84: 247-250.
Claassen, P.W. 1937. New species of stoneflies (Plecoptera). J. Kan. Entomol. Soc. 10(2): 42-51.
Frison, T.H. 1942. Descriptions, records, and systematic notes concerning western North American Stoneflies (Plecoptera). Pan-Pac. Entomol. 18(1):9-16.
Hanson, J.F. 1941. Studies on the Plecoptera of North America II. Bull. Brooklyn Entomol. Soc. 36(2): 57-66.
Neave, F. 1934. Stoneflies from the Purcell Range, B.C. Can. Entomol., 66: 1-6.
Zwick, P. 1973. Insecta: Plecoptera. Phylogenetisches System and Katalog. Das Tierreich, 94, 465 p. Walter de Gruyter, Berlin and New York.
BOOK REVIEW
Key for the field identification of brassica, potato and sugar beet aphids with photographic illustrations. Prior, R. N. B. and. J. R. Morrison. 1977, Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, Plant Pathology Laboratory, Hatching Green, Hertfordshire. 26 pp. £3.50 (by post £ 3.70) Available from Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (Publications), Tolcarne Drive, Pinner, Middlesex, HA5 2DT.
This book, along with the first one on cereal aphids, (€ 2.10 and £ 2.30), should be in the hands of all field entomologists involved in pest management of agricultural crops. The books are applicable ona world-wide basis, as aphids destructive to agricultural crops are cosmopolitan in distribution. Furthermore, Messrs. Prior and Morrison have produced books that can be used with facility, through their superb photographs and through their mastery in handling key characters.
The key contains all the pertinent characters pertaining to each species. The color plates exhibit excellent detail and color reproduc- tion, and the chief distinguishing characters are pointed out clearly in corresponding diagrams. The nomenclature is current.
It is hoped that there will be other books, including one on orchard crops. — TOKUWO KONO, /nsect Taxonomy Laboratory, California Department of Food and Agriculture, Sacramento, California. :
A Review of Ephemerelia (Dannella) and the Description of a New Species
(Ephemeroptera: Ephemerellidae)'
Richard K. Allen California State University, Los Angeles 90032
Allen and Edmunds (1962), in a revision of Ephemerella (Dannella), characterized the adult and nymphal stages of the taxon based on the known species, £. simplex McDunnough, 1925, and E. /ita Burks, 1937. The nymphs were characterized as follows: (1) semioperculate gills on segments 4-7, with rudimentary gillon segment one; (2) without denticles on tarsal claws; and (38) without paired dorsal abdominal tubercles. In 1965, they published a key to the adults and nymphs of the North American subgenera of Ephemerella, including Dannella, and the nymphs were keyed to subgenus on the basis of the absence of denticles on the tarsal claws.
Recently, nymphs of an undescribed species of Danne/la were collected in Lake Huron which do not fit the published characteriza- tion of this developmental stage. Eohemerella bartoni n. sp. has oper- culate gills on segment 4 and a rudimentary gill on segment one, but possesses denticles on the tarsal claws and paired dorsal abdominal tubercles. In the key to the subgenera, Allen & Edmunds (1965), the nymph of E. bartoni will not key beyond couplet 8 (p. 245) as the tarsal claws possess denticles.
The nymphal stage of Danella is recharacterized as follows: (1) operculate or semioperculate gills on segments 4-7 and rudimentary gills on segment 1; (2) abdominal segments 8-9 subequal in length; (3) maxillary palpi reduced or absent; (4) abdominal terga with or without paired dorsal tubercles; (5) tarsal claws with or without denticles; and (6) head, body, and appendages with long conspi- cuous setae.
The following key will serve to distinguish all North American Ephemerella subgenera with lamellate gills on segments 4-7.
Key to the Subgenera of Ephemerella
1. Abdominal gills imbricated (fig.1).................. Attenella Abdominal gills operculate (fig. 3) or semioperculate as in TG? SFRe Re eae RPT eT OU ey PENS Pay 2
' The research upon which this paper is based was supported by National Science Foundation Grant No. BMS 75-17661.
The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 53:215-217. July 1977.
216 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST
Fig. 1. Ephemerelia (Attenella) attenuata, abdomen, dorsal view. Fig. 2-3. Ephemerella (Dannella) bartoni, nymphal parts: fig. 2, tarsal claw; fig. 3, abdomen, dorsal view. Fig. 4. Ephemerella (Timpanoga) hecuba, fore femur. Fig. 5. Ephemerella sp?, fore femur. Fig. 6. Ephemerella (Timpanoga) hecuba, head. Fig. 7. Ephemerella sp?, head. Fig. 8. Ephemerella (Eurylophella) bicolor, abdomen, dorsal view.
VOL. 53, NO. 3, JULY 1977 217
2(1). Apex femora terminating in sharp spine (fig. 4); head with broad frontal shelf (fig. 6): segment 1 without rudimentary gill.....
Boa eure ae ee Me erg er TaoPPI ES. acy as UA ls Na ce Og Mag Ae Timpanoga
Apex femora broadly rounded, not terminating in sharp spine
(fig. 5); head without frontal shelf (fig. 7); segment 1 with rudimentary gillasinfigs.1and3 ..................00. 3
3(2). Abdominal segment 9 distinctly longer than segment 8 (fig. 8); head, body and appendages with short inconspicuous setae
win ite dove cacle-ghip 4k a: a ORD ee ROMA OED Ut eos. Eurylophella Abdominal segments 8-9 subequal in length (fig. 3); head, body and appendages with long conspicuous setae .... Dannella
Ephemerella (Dannella) bartoni, new species
Nymphs. Length: body 7.0-8.0 mm; caudal filaments 3.0-4.0 mm. General color yellow to light brown. Head yellow to light brown, vertex with brown markings; maxillae without palpi. Thoracic nota yellow to brown, without distinctive markings; legs pale, tarsal claws with 6-7 small marginal denticles (fig. 2). Abdominal terga yellow to light brown, often with paired sublateral brown maculae on terga 3-7; terga 5-7 with small paired dorsal abdominal tubercles (fig. 3); operculate gills brown; abdominal segments 2-9 with well- developed posterolateral projections (fig. 3). Caudal filaments pale with narrow brown annulations near base.
Types. Holotype. male nymph, Howdenvale, Lake Huron, Ontario, Canada, 29-V-74, David R. Barton, in collection Canadian National Collection, Ottawa. Paratopotypes. 3 male and 5 female nymphs, 1 male and 1 female in collection David R. Barton, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, and 1 male and 1 female in collection California State University, Los Angeles.
Ephemerella bartoni is the third species in the subgenus Dannella described from North America and appears to be most closely related to E. lita by the development of the posterolateral margins of seg-
ments 2 and 3. This species is named in honor of David R. Barton, collector of the type series.
Literature Cited
Allen, R. K. and G. F. Edmunds, Jr. 1962. A revision of the genus Ephemerelia (Ephemer- optera: Ephemerellidae). IV. The subgenus Dannella. J. Kans. Entomol. Soc., 35:33-38.
Allen, R. K. and G. F. Edmunds, Jr. 1965. A revision of the Genus Ephemerella (Epheme- roptera: Ephemerellidae). Vill. The subgenus Ephemerella in North America. Misc. Pub. Entomol. Soc. Amer. 4:244-282.
218 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST
INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE ANNOUNCEMENT A.N. (S.) 103
The required six months’ notice is given of the possible use of plenary powers by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature in connection with the following names listed by case number: (See Bull. Zool. Nom. 34, part 2, 31st August, 1977).
Z.N.(S.) 400 Trombidium akamushi Brumpt, 1910 (Aca- , rina): proposed validation.
Z.N.(S.) 2115 G/yphipterix Hubner, [1825] (Lepidoptera, GLYPHIPTERYGIDAE): proposed de- signation of a type-species.
Z.N.(S.) 2130 Stethaspis Hope, 1837 (Coleoptera): pro- posed designation of a type-species.
Z.N.(S.) 2186 PIERIDAE Duponchel, [1835]: proposal to give precedence over COLIADINAE Swainson, 1827 (Insecta, Lepidoptera).
Z.N.(S.) 2193 Campylosteira Fieber, 1844 (Hemiptera): designation of type-species.
Z.N.(S.) 2194 Baeocera Erichson, 1845 (Coleoptera): designation of type-species.
Z.N.(S.) 2204 bjerkandrella, Tinea, Thunberg, 1784, and cardui, Phalaena (Noctua) Hubner, 1790 (Insecta, Lepidoptera): proposed con- servation.
Z.N.(S.) 2201 MORPHIDAE Boisduval, 1836 (Insecta, Lepidoptera): request for revision of the Official List.
Z.N.(S.) 2206 HENICOPIDAE Pocock, 1901: proposal to give precedence over CERMATO- BIIDAE Haase, 1885 (Myriapoda: Chilo- poda).
Comments should be sent in duplicate (if possible within six months of the date of publication of this notice), citing case number to: R.V. Melville,
The Secretary,
International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature,
c/o British Museum (Natural History),
Cromwell Road,
LONDON, SW7 5BD,
England.
Those received early enough will be published in the Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature.
A new species of Allobrox Fletcher (Coleoptera: Pselaphidae)
Albert A. Grigarick and Robert O. Schuster Department of Entomology, Univ. of California Davis, 95616
This genus is presently represented by a single species, A/lobrox dampfi Fletcher, 1928. A/lobrox was proposed by Fletcher to accomo- date a species in which the male secondary sexual characters of the sternites were so extensive as to modify the margins of the tergites. The genus was distinguished in the key to neotropical genera (Park, 1942) by a description of these ‘“‘abnormal”’ male tergitres and stern- ites. The female was unknown. Tergal margins and sternites II, Ill and IV of the male of the new species are not as excessively modified, although the margin of tergite Il is separated slightly from those of tergites | and III, and the female is unmodified.
Because neither the females of either speices nor the male of the new species can be recognized as Al/obrox on the basis of the original generic description, the following emendations are given for the genus: Head with vertexal and gular foveae, the latter with separate openings. Pronotum (Fig. 2) with biarcuate depression between lat-
eral foveae. Elytra with sutural, one discal and subhumeral foveae;
“epiplural stria (Fig. 2) present. Prosternum (Fig. 1) without procoxal foveae or median longitudinal carina. Mesosternum (Fig. 5) with lateral mesosternal foveae simple, not forked; single median meso- -Sternal fovea present; lateral mesocoxal present. Single median metasternal fovea present. Mesocoxal cavities open. Profemur witha row of sensory setae. Tarsi with primary and small secondary claws (Fig. 7). Metacoxae contiguous. Tergite | longest, with setate basal depression. Sternite II with lateral foveae, without median foveae.
Allobrox stephani, new species (Figs. 1-10)
Male holotype. — (slide-mount). Dorsal aspect as Fig. 2. Antenna 313um long, tubular setae on segment XI only (Fig. 3). Head 174um long, 176um wide; vertexal foveae 81pm between centers. Eyes large. Mandibles with five subapical teeth; anterior margin of labrum simple (Fig. 4). Ventral surface of head without median carina, with 14 (7 + 7) capi- tate setae; gular foveae small, separate.
Pronotum 213um long, 248um wide. Prosternum without procoxal foveae .(porelike remnants (Fig. 1) may be present). Elytron 354um long, 236um wide. Winged..Profemur 54um wide, with distinct row of 8-10 seate associated with micropores along anteroven- tral margin (posteroventral orientation on slide-mounted specimens); Meseierauh 48um wide; metafemur 44um wide.
First visible tergite 242um wide at base, 138ym long; basal donreecian 90um wide, with
The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 53:219-222. July 1977.
220 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST
Figs. 1-4. Allobrox stephani new species. Fig. 1. Prosternum. Fig. 2. Dorsal aspect, elytron with subhumeral fovea and epipleural stria in lateral view. Fig. 3. Antennal seg- ments VIII-XI. Fig. 4 Labrum.
flattened setae, without foveae or carinae. Tergite !| 100um long. Lateral margins of ter- gites | and II elongate posteriorly. Tergite III 90um long; tergite 1V 87um long. Sternites II- IV modified (Fig. 8). Penial plate (tergite VII) single, small (Fig. 6). Genitalia (Fig. 10) 190um long, about 87um deep.
Female. — Similar to male but with only six visible sternites; without lateral modifi- cations of abdominal segments. Abdominal segment IX as illustrated (Fig. 9).
Distribution. — Holotype and paratypes from the following localities; Arizona: Santa Catalina Mts., elevation 2,437 m (8,000 ft.), June 16, 1968 (holotype and d); 2,133 m
VOL. 53, NO. 3, JULY 1977 221
beasts Figs. 5-10. Allobrox stephani new species. Fig. 5. Mesosternal area. Fig. 6. Apex of ventral abdominal segments, male. Fig. 7. Primary and secondary tarsal claws. Fig. 8.
Ventrolateral margins of sternites I-IV, male. Fig. 9. Abdominal segment IX, female. Fig. 10. Male genitalia, lateral view.
(7,000 ft.), April 14, 1968 (1d, 29); Bear Canyon, April 6, 1969 (1d). Santa Rita Mts., elevation 1,828 m. (6,000 ft.) December 8, 1968 (10); Madera Canyon, August 31, 1968 (7d, 19), Janyary 17, 1969 (19). Although collector labels are lacking, these specimens were pro- bably collected by Karl Stephan and the species name acknowledges the contribution of this fine collector of Coleoptera.
The holotype and 14 paratypes are deposited at UCD.
Discussion. — Allobrox dampfi is Known only from the male that has large structures on sternites Il and III which extend beyond the lateral
222 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST
tergal margins. The median basal depression of tergite | is over one- half the tergite width and terminates at each side in a small fovea. The sternal structures of A/lobrox stephani are not visible from above. The median basal depression of tergite | of both sexes is in the median one-third and is not laterally foveate.
Literature Cited
Park, O. 1942. A study in neotropical Pselaphidae. Northwestern Univ. Stud. Biol. Med. No. 1, 403 pp.
SCIENTIFIC NOTE
Baetisca bajkovi in Wyoming (Ephemeroptera: Baetiscidae). Edmunds, Jensen and Berner (1976. The mayflies of North and Central America. U. Minn. Press, Minneapolis) report that in the Western United States only single larvae of Bastisca have been collected in Washington and Wyoming. The Washington specimen was described by Edmunds (1960. Pan-Pac. Entomol. 36:102) as B. columbiana. The Wyoming specimen was from the Little Laramie River and was too young to determine to species with confidence, but keyed to B. bajkovi Neave. On June 18-20, 1977, | collected well over a hundred larvae of Baetisca from the Big Laramie River at Laramie, Wyoming and was able to rear a number of these in the laboratory. This apparently isolated population is indistinguishable from Baetisca bajkovi Neave populations in the Midwest. The known distribution of Baetisca bajkovi includes Indiana, Illinois, Minnesota, Manitoba, Saskatchewan and Alberta. Lehmkuhl (1972: Canad. J. Zool. 50:1015) has shown that the isolated Alberta-Saskatchewan popula- tions probably entered the drainage as a result of former connections to the Missouri River system. The Laramie River is also a tributary of the Missouri River via the Platte River. It would seem almost certain that other isolated populations of Baetisca bajkovi will be found in various headwaters of the Missouri River.
The larvae were found in a wide variety of habitats all of which were characterized by coarse sand. They were found most frequently in a coarse sand and pea-gravel mix (pebbles rarely over 1 cm. in length). Larvae settled slightly into the sand up to the lower edge of the carapace; the resemblance of the carapace to a pebble makes them difficult to see. Even in the favored habitat they averaged only about -2 larvae per meter’. They were found principally in 10 to 20 cm of water with a current speed of about 20 cm. per second. In the gravel the current is slowed, but in the aquarium the larvae settled only where a current washed over them. At the time of the collections, water temperatures were 18- 19°C. Some subimagoes had already emerged but only about 10% of the larvae were mature and some were only half-grown. — GEORGE F. EDMUNDS, JR., Department of Biology, University of Utah 84112
The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 53:222. July 1977.
Skeletal-Muscular Mechanisms of the Larva of Lucilia sericata (Meigen) in Relation to Feeding Habit? (Diptera: Calliphoridae)
Donald R. Barnard?
Department of Biology, California State University, Long Beach, 90804
Despite the recognized medical and economic importance of the Diptera, scant work has been undertaken on the functional anatomy of the head in immature forms. The mouth hooks and associated structures of cyclorrhaphous larvae are prerequisite to the damage incurred by these insects in the course of aberrant feeding activity (Menees, 1962). In the past this feeding behavior has been employed as a Surgical technique for removal of necrotic tissue on humans but under such conditions, Lucilia sericata (Meigen) readily invades adja- cent healthy tissue (Haub and Miller, 1933). Cutaneous myiasis of domestic animals, especially sheep and cattle results from infestation of wounds by the immature stages of this same species (Hall, 1948) and L. sericata has been implicated in episodes of sheep strike in both England and Wales (Zumpt, 1965). In contrast, Donahoe (1937) has shown L. sericata to be a significant economic pest when invading drying fruits in certain parts of California.
Dealings with the cephalopharyngeal structure of immature cyclor- rhaphous Diptera have been mainly taxonomic in nature. A few works have described the associated musculature (Hewitt, 1910; Snodgrass, 1924; Miller, 1932; Ludwig, 1949; Hartley, 1963; Roberts, 1969, 1970) but a general paucity of such information exists. The purpose of this study was to describe the cephaloskeletal muscles of the third instar larva of L. sericata and to detail the function of each muscle or muscle group in the process of feeding.
Materials and Methods
A laboratory colony of L. sericata (Meigen) was maintained accord- ing to the method of Dorman et al. (1935). Swine liver was employed as both a protein source and oviposition medium for adult females. Adults were otherwise maintained on sucrose and water.
Larval morphology was studied primarily by means of dissection.
‘This paper represents a portion of the thesis submitted for the Master of Arts Degree, Department of Biology, California State University, Long Beach, California. Department of Zoology and Entomology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523.
The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 53:223-229. July 1977.
224 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST
distological sections were made where necessary for verification of detail. Study of the cephalopharyngeal apparatus was facilitated by treatment of the head with 10% KOH at room temperature for 24- hours. Material for histological sections was double embedded in paraffin after primary embedding in methyl-benzoate-celloidin solu- tion. Serial sections were made at 10 to 20 microns, and muscular tissue was stained using Milligans trichrome staining method (Humason, 1967).
Material for dissection was injected with and stored in Bouin’s fix- ative (Humason, 1967). Methylene blue was used as a contrast stain during subsequent dissections.
Results
External Anatomy. The third instar larva of L. sericata exhibits ana- tomical configuration similar to that of other cyclorrhaphous larvae (Figs. 1 and 2). The prothorax (Pr) is the first apparent anterior seg- ment, but partially invaginated into it lies the head (Hd). Ventrally, the head exhibits an oral aperture (Oa), anterior to which lie the paired mouth hooks (MH) and posterior to which lies the liguloid region. The stomal disc (Sd), completely surrounding the oral aperture, bears small grooves or canals which aid in conduction of extra-orally di- gested food to the oral aperture. Other external features of the head include the paired sensory papillae represented anterodorsally and anteroventrally by the antennae (A) and maxillary palpi (Mp) respectively.
Cephalopharyngeal Skeleton. This structure is. bilaterally sym- metrical in L. sericata and is composed of three sections: the basal sclerite, the intermediate sclerite, and the mouth hooks region (Figs. 1 and 2). The posterior-most and largest section is the double-winged basal sclerite, appearing laterally as a prostrate U-Shaped structure. The arms of the U are formed by the dorsal (DC) and ventral cornua (VC) each of which diverges posteriorly and is further extended in this direction by a chitinous phragma that serves as a site for muscle attachment. Right and left halves of the basal sclerite are joined to- gether anterodorsally and anteroventrally by small sclerotized arches.
The intermediate sclerite, or midsection, articulates with the pre- ceeding basal sclerite by means of the arch-shaped hypostomal sclerite (HS). Over the median arch of this latter structure passes the cibarium (C), while immediately below the cibarium and anterior to the hypostomal sclerite lie the smaller subhypostomal sclerites (SH). The two parastomal sclerites (PS), apparent as small, slightly up- turned rods projecting from the anterolateral surface of the basal sclerite, are also considered a part of the intermediate sclerite (Miller, 1932).
The third section, or mouth hook region consists of the paired
VOL. 53, NO. 3, JULY 1977 225
Figs. 1-4. Left lateral view, internal anatomy of head and. prothorax in Lucilia sericata. Legend: A, antennal palp; Ab, abductor of the mouth hook; Ad, adductor of the mouth hook; Am, atrial membrane; At, atrium; C, cibarium; Cc, constrictor of the cibarium; Cd, dilator of the cibarium; Cdd, diagonal dilator of the cibarium; Da, dilator of the atrium; DC, dorsal cornu; DS, dentate sclerite; Hd, head; HS, hypostomal sclerite; Lr, liguloid retrac- tor; MH, mouth hook; Mp, maxillary palp; Oa, Oral aperature; PDP, posterodorsal process of mouth hook; Ph, protractor of the head; PH, phragma; Pr, prothorax; PS, parastomal sclerite; Rh, retractor of the head; Rp, retractor of the prothorax; Sd, stomal disc; SH, sub- hypostomal sclerite; VC, ventral cornu. Fig. 1. Cephalopharyngeal skeleton. Fig. 2 Internal view of cephalopharyngeal skeleton showing cibarial musculature. Fig. 3. Musculature of the mouth hooks. Fig. 4. Composite view of all cephalopharyngeal musculature in situ.
mouth hooks (MH), each of which articulates with the anterior face of the hypostomal sclerite, and the dentate sclerites (DS). Likewise, in this section, arises the atrial membrane (Am) which begins at the anterior limit of the oral aperture and expands posterodorsally and laterally to connect with the anterodorsal ridge of the basal sclerite. Spanning the ventral length of the cephalopharyngeal skeleton is the anterior portion of the alimentary canal. The oral aperture (Oa) forms its anterior limits, while between the oral aperture and the opening of the salivary duct, at the posteroventral base of the hypo- stomal sclerite, lies a post-oral cavity or atrium (At). From the salivary duct to the posterior limit of the cephalopharyngeal skeleton is located the cibarium. Ventrally, in this latter structure, is the cibarial filter which is composed of numerous longitudinal T-shaped ridges. Musculature. Four functional groups of muscles were found in the
226 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST
head-thoracic region: (1) muscles involved in functioning of the atrium and liguloid region, (2) muscles of the cibarium, (3) muscles functioning in movement of the mouth hooks, and (4) muscles utilized for locomotory or taxis movement of the larval head-thorax.
Group one (Figs.-3 and 4) is composed of the liguloid retractor (Lr) muscles and the dorsal dilators of the atrium (Da). Originating from the phragma of the ventral cornu on either side, éach liguloid retrac- tor inserts upon a small, straplike sclerite, the liguloid arch, which lies between the paired mouth hooks. The dorsal dilators of the atrium descend from either side of the dorsal prothoracic midline and fuse to form a single median muscle which inserts (by apodeme) upon the dorsal surface of the atrium.
The cibarial muscles (Fig.2) exist as three separate subgroups of the group two muscles: (1) the dilators of the cibarium (Cd), consist- ing of 14 separate muscles, each originating from the ventral surface of the dorsal cornu and inserting upon the upper surface of the cibarium, (2) the diagonal dilators of the cibarium (Cdd); 4 separate muscles each originating median to those of subgroup (1) and de- scending caudad to insert upon the dorsal surface of the cibarium, and (3) the constrictor muscle of the cibarium (Cc); existing as a single large muscle transversing the distance between the two ven- tral cornua, and dorsal to the cibarium.
Adduction and abduction of the mouth hooks is performed by the paired group three muscles (Fig. 3), a separate pair for each process. The abductors of the mouth hooks (Ab), like the adductors (Ad), ori- ginate from the phragma of the ventral cornu of either side. Each ab- ductor muscle inserts directly upon the posterodorsal process (PDP) of its corresponding mouth hook, whereas each adductor muscle connects to its respective dentate sclerite. A ligamentous connec- tion exists between each dentate sclerite and the mouth hook adja- cent to it.
Group four muscles (Figs. 3 and 4) are the largest muscles in size, and can be divided into three separate subgroups. The first subgroup is the protractors of the head (Ph). Members of this subgroup are bilateral and consist of 2 dorsal muscles and a single ventral muscle. Both of the dorsal muscles originate dorsolaterally on the prothor- acic wall, whereas the ventral muscle originates ventrolaterally on the prothoracic wall. All members of this group insert upon the phragma of the dorsal cornu. The second subgroup is the retractor muscles of the head (Rh) which are bilaterally symmetrical. Members of this Subgroup originate from various points along the pro-mesothoracic junction, while all members of each side insert upon the parastomal sclerite. The retractors of the prothorax (Rp), the third subgroup, consists of 10 muscles, all of which originate ventrally at the junction of the metathorax and abdomen. Two external muscles and 3 internal muscles exist on either side of the dorso-ventral midline.
VOL. 53, NO. 3, JULY 1977 227
Discussion
Adult females of L. sericata oviposit upon recently expired animal flesh but generally avoid excessively putrified material. Upon hatch- ing, early first instar larvae feed in close proximity to the oviposition site while older larvae disperse over the feeding medium (Barnard, personal observation). In all three larval instars of this fly, digestion occurs extra-orally by means of both amylase containing saliva and proteolytic enzymes passed off in larval excreta (Hobson, 1932b). Large numbers of larvae usually feed within small areas of substrate and this activity further enhances the extra-oral digestive process.
Linear movement in L. sericata takes place in a fashion similar to that described by Roberts (1971) for other cyclorrhaphous larvae: Waves of muscle contraction, commencing posteriorly and traveling anteriorly, terminate at the head or anterior end of the larva. Each wave of contraction ends with elevation and protraction of the head. Elevation involves contraction of the intersegmental muscles and contraction of retractors of the prothorax (Rh), extension or protrac- tion of the head occurs by means of contraction of the protractors of the head (Ph). Taxis or steering changes are made possible by uni- lateral contraction of the protractors of the head (Ph).
Feeding activity in the larva of L. sericata begins with the head elevated and the mouth hooks in the abducted position (Ab). The head is lowered until the stomal disc contacts the feeding substrate following which the mouth hooks are adducted (Ad) and driven into crevices of the feeding substrate surface. Contraction of the liguloid retractor muscles (Lr) draws posteriad the liguloid region and allows saliva to flow forward from the salivary duct opening and out of the oral aperture. Maceration of the substrate occurs as the retractors (Rh) and protractors of the head (Ph) contract and relax synergistical- ly, while the mouth hooks are held in the adducted position. This entire process is aided by the large retractor muscles of the prothorax (Rp). Ingestion of the semiliquid material produced by this process begins with relaxation of the liguloid retractor muscles causing the oral aperture to diminish in size. Subsequent contraction of the dila- tors of the atrium (Da) apparently induces an internal pressure deficit whereby food is brought through the oral aperture into the atrium. Grooves present on the stomal disc, all of which circulate toward the oral aperture, also aid in conducting food into the digestive tract. From the atrium, food moves into and out of the cibarium by alter- nating contraction and relaxation of the cibarial muscles (Cd, Cdd, Cc). No valves are present in the cibarium and the brownish food mass can be observed through the larval cuticle as it flickers back and forth during transit through this structure.
A structure present in many other cyclorrhaphous larvae, and one of uncertain function, is the cibarial filter. In L. sericata the cibarial filter runs the length of the ventral portion of the cibarium and
228 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST
appears similar in cross section to that of Ca/liphora vomitoria (L.) (Roberts, 1970). Speculation centers upon its functioning as a filter- ing and draining mechanism whereby excess liquid and small food particles are diverted back to the atrium and egested rather than passing through the alimentary canal (Roberts, 1970). Baumberger (1919) suggested the cibarial filter to be characteristic of mycetophagous larvae only. However, this structure exists in L. seri- cata and Hobson (1932a) demonstrated the rearing of normal larvae of this species on aseptic media. The ingestion of bacteria by larvae of L. sericata may be unavoidable in the course of normal feeding. It may also be, as demonstrated by Levinson (1960), that ingested bacteria fulfill the dietary requirements of many cyclorrhaphous larvae, but in a facultative rather than obligatory sense (i.e. the larvae are fortuitous feeders). In any event, definitive evidence for the function of the ci- barial filter in cyclorrhaphous larvae is lacking. Furthermore it seems futile to label this structure as being characteristic of either saphro- phagous or mycetophagous forms until a greater understanding of the dietary requirements of species in this group is acquired.
Acknowledgements
| wish to thank Drs. James H. Menees, Elbert L. Sleeper, and William T. Wellhouse for advice and guidance offered during the course of this study. | am grateful to Ildiko Bartnicki for her excellent job of illustrating this difficult subject.
Literature Cited
Baumberger, J.P. 1919. A nutritional study of insects with special reference to micro- organisms and their substrata. J. Exp. Zool., 28:1-81.
Donahoe, H.E. 1937. Fly damage to drying cut fruits. Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash., 39:283.
Dorman, S.C., W.C. Hale and W.M. Hoskins. 1935. The laboratory rearing of flesh flies and the relations between temperature, diet, and egg production. J. Econ. Entomol., 31:41-45.
Hall, D.G. 1948. The Blow Flies of North America. Thomas Say Foundation, Philadelphia, Pa. 477 pp.
Hartley, J.C. 1963. Cephalopharyngeal apparatus of syrphid larvae and their relationship to other Diptera. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 141:261-280.
Haub, J.G. and D.F. Miller. 1933. Food requirements of blow fly cultures used in the treat- ment of osteomyelitis. J. Exp. Zool., 64:51-56.
Hewitt, C.G. 1910. The House Fly Musca domestica (L). Its Structure, Habits, Development and Relation to Disease and Control. Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, England. 195 pp.
Hobson, R.P. 1932a. Studies on the nutrition of blow fly larvae. Il. The role of intestinal florain digestion. J. Exp. Biol., 9:128-138. 1932b. Studies on the nutrition of blow fly larvae. Ill. The liquefaction of muscle. J. Exp. Biol., 9:358-365.
Humason, G.L. 1967. Animal Tissue Techniques. 2nd ed. W.H. Freeman Co., San Francis- co. 569 pp.
VOL. 53, NO. 3, JULY 1977 229
Levinson, Z.H. 1960. Food of house fly larvae. Nature, 188:427-428.
Ludwig, C. 1949. Embroyology and morphology of the larval head of Calliphora, erythro- cephala (Meigen). Microentomol. 14:75-111.
Menees, J.H. 1962. The skeletal elements of the gnathocephalon and its appendages in the larvae of higher Diptera. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Amer., 55:607-616.
Miller, D.G. 1932. The buccopharyngeal mechanisms of a blow fly (Cal/liphora quadrimacu- lata (L.). Parasitol. 24:491-499.
’ Roberts, M.J. 1969. The structure of the mouthparts of syrphid larvae (Diptera) in relation
to feeding habits. Acta Zool., 51:43-65.
1970. The structure of the mouthparts of some calypterate dipteran larvae in relation to their feeding habits. Acta Zool., 52:171-188. 1971. One the locomotion of cyclorrhaphan maggots (Diptera). J. Nat. Hist. 5:583-590.
Snodgrass, R.E. 1924. Anatomy and metamorphosis of the apple maggot Ahagoletis pomonella (Walsh). J. Agric. Res. 28:1-36.
Zumpt, F. 1965. Myiasis in man and animals of the Old World. Butterworths, London. 267 pp.
RECENT LITERATURE
Artificial Diets for Insects, Mites and Spiders. Pritam Singh. approx. 606 pp. 1977. Plenum Corp. New York, N.Y. 10011 $75.00
Juvenile Hormones. Apple, J.L. and R. F. Smith Eds. 582 pp. 1976. Plenum Corp. New York, N.Y. 10011. $45.00.
The Host-Plant in Relation to insect Behavior and Reproduction. T. Jermy. approx. 310 pp. 1976. Plenum Corp., New York, N.Y. 10011. $29.50.
Biological Control. C.B. Huffaker, Ed. 511 pp. 1971. Plenum Corp. New York, N.Y. 10011. $29.50 Hardcover, $8.95 softcover.
New Synonymy of North American Notoxus (Coleoptera: Anthicidae)
D. S. Chandler’ Department of Entomology, Ohio State University, Columbus, 43210 and K. S. Hagen
Department of Entomological Sciences, University of California Berkeley, 94720
From revisionary studies of Nearctic and Neotropical Notoxus, it became apparent to us that eleven North American species presently recognized in the literature should be synonomyzed. We were in- spired to present the following list of new Notoxus synonomy for the Coleoptera checklist being produced by the North American Beetle Fauna Project.
Notoxus apicalis LeConte Notoxus apicalis LeConte 1852:93. Type locality-Detroit, Michigan (probably incorrect). MCZ Type #4892,9.
Notoxus nuperiodes Fall 1916:33-4. Type locality-Silver City, New Mexico. MCZ Type #24331, d. New Synonymy.
Notoxus desertus Casey
Notoxus desertus Casey 1895:767-8. Type locality-Tucson, Arizona. USNM Type #36526. d.
Notoxus constrictus Casey 1895:768. Type locality-coast regions of California. USNM Type #36527, 2. New Synonymy.
Notoxus denudatus Horn
Notoxus denudatus Horn 1884:173. Type locality-California. MCZ Lectotype #3042, d.
Notoxus visaliensis Blaisdell 1936:144-6. Type locality-Visalia, Tulare County, California. CAS Type #4146, d. New Synonymy.
Notoxus filicornis Casey
Notoxus filicornis Casey 1895:766. Type locality-Jacksonville, Florida. USMN Type #36524, d.
Notoxus dinoserus Casey 1895: 766-7. Type locality-Galveston, Texas. USNM Type #36525, 2. New Synonymy
‘Present address: Rt. 1, Box 275-19, Safford, Arizona 85546.
The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 53:230-232. July 1977.
VOL. 53, NO. 3, JULY 1977 231
Notoxus monodon (Fabricius) Anthicus monodon Fabricius 1801:289. Type locality “Carolina”.
Notoxus austinianus Casey 1895:765. Type locality-Austin, Texas. USNM Type #36523, db. New Synonymy.
Notoxus lustrellus Casey Notoxus Justrellus Casey 1895:763. Type locality-San Francisco, California. USNM Type #36520, d. Notoxus alamedae Casey 1895:769-70. Type locality-Alameda County, California. USNM Type #36529, db. New Synonymy.
Notoxus montanus Casey Notoxus montanus Casey 1895:760. Type locality-Garland, Colorado. USNM Type #36516, @: Notoxus microcerus Casey 1895:760-1. Type locality-near the Grand Canyon, Arizona, USNM Type #36517, 0d. New Synonymy.
Notoxus similis Fall 1916:37-8. Type locality-Glenwood Springs, Colorado. MCZ Type #24334, d. New Synonymy.
Notoxus planicornis LaFerte
Notoxus planicornis La Ferte 1848:39-40. Type locality-North America. Notoxus delicatus Casey 1884:189. Type locality-New Jersey. USNM Type #36531, d. New Synonymy.
Notoxus serratus (LeConte)
Monocerus serratus LeConte 1847:90. Type locality-Rocky Mountains. MCZ Type #4894, d.
Notoxus vandykei Blaisdell 1929:57-9. Type locality-Little Cottonwood Creek, Inyo County, California. CAS Type #2616, d. New Synonymy.
Notoxus spatulifer Casey
Notoxus spatulifer Casey 1895:761-2. Type locality-Los Angeles County, California. USNM Type #36518,°.
Notoxus debilitans Casey 1895:762-3. Type locality-San Diego, California. USNM Type #36519, 9. New Synonymy.
Literature Cited Blaisdell, F. E. 1929. Miscellaneous studies in the Coleoptera, number three. Pan- Pacific Entomol. 6:57-62.
Blaisdell, F. E. 1936. Two new species of Notoxus (Coleoptera: Anthicidae). Canadian Entomol. 68:144-8.
Casey, T. L. 1884. Contributions to the descriptive and systematic Coleopterology of North America. Part Il, pp. 61-198, Collins Printing House, Philadelphia.
232 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST
Casey, T. L. 1895. Coleopterological notices, VI. Ann. New York Acad. Sci. 8:435-838. de LaFerte-Senectere, F. T. 1848. Monographie des Anthicus et genres voisins,
Coleopteres Heteromeres de la tribu des Trachelides. De Sapia, Paris. xxiv + 340p., 16 plates.
Fabricius, J. C. 1801. Systema eleutheratorum secundum ordines, genera, ‘species
adiectis synonymis, locis, observationibus, descriptionibus. Volume I, Kiliae, 506 p.
Fall, H.C. 1916. New North American species of Notoxus. Bull. Brooklyn Entomol. Soc. 11:33-38. Fall, H.C. 1932... New Coleoptera XV. Canadian Entomol. 64:56-62.
Horn, G. H. 1884. Synopsis of the United States species of Notoxus and Mecynotarsus. Trans. American Entomol. Soc. 11:165-176.
LeConte, J. L. 1847. Fragmenta entomologica. Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci., Philadelphia 1:71-93.
LeConte, J. L. 1852. Synopsis of the Anthicites of the United States. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 6:91-104.
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Anew species of Cheiloneurus Westwood, 1833 parasitic in Ceratina from Tanzania (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae; Anthophoridae)
D.P. Annecke & G.L. Prinsloo Plant Protection Research Institute, Pretoria, South Africa
At the request of Professor Howell Daly, Department of Entomol- ogy, University of California, Berkeley, we here provide a name for an encyrtid collected by him in East Africa. The species was obtained as a parasitoid or hyperparasitoid of the larva of a lesser carpenter bee, Ceratina sp. (Anthophoridae). This host record is the first for a species of Cheiloneurus in the apoid Hymenoptera (vide Tachikawa, 1974).
In assigning the species described here to Cheiloneurus Westwood, we have been compelled to consider several described generic and subgeneric alternatives because the new species presents an anoma- lous combination of characters. If we were to follow Viggiani (1966, 1970) and Hayat et a/. (1975), we should very likely propose a new genus for the riew species: but we refrain from doing so pending a more thorough study. It seems likely to us that Neoprochiloneurus Viggiani and Prochiloneuroides Hayat, Alam & Man Mohan may prove to be unnecessary names, since Procheiloneurus Silvestri may per- haps very well be left to include species with a tuft of scutellar bris- tles (e.g. the type-species), and also species with scattered coarse bristles not clustered in a tuft on the scutellum (c/avatus Compere), and finally also species without coarse bristles there (bolivari Mercet). We do not rate the scutellar setation as an infallible generic criterion in the Encyrtidae: such a position has, we believe, been shown to be untenable in Habrolepis Foerster and Comperiella Howard (vide Compere & Annecke, 1961; Prinsloo & Annecke, 1976); in Encyrtus Latreille, too, species are known to us with the coarse scutellar bris- tles scattered, not tufted, on the scutellum.
The species described here as new is distinguished so far as we know from those of all the genera in the group of Cheiloneurus in having a caudally acuminate and produced tergum X which overlies the extruded gonostyli for about one-half of their total length (Fig. 4); in this character, and in the strongly extruded ovipositor, this species differs from all the Cheiloneurus species known to us. Apart from C. leptulus, new species, eight other species are known from the Ethio- pian region of which C. carinatus. Compere was described from Tan- zania.
Cheiloneurus leptulus, new species (Figs. 1-6)
Female — Colour (alcohol material, now card-pointed) largely brown to dark brown;
The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 53:233-236. July 1977.
234 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST
Figs. 1-6. Cheiloneurus leptulus new species, paratypes. Fig. 1. Fore wing, female (T 4611-2). Fig. 2. Antenna, male (T 4611-3). Fig. 3. Apex of gaster, showing tenth tergite, and protrud- ing ovipositor and gonostyli, female (T 4611-4). Fig. 4. Middle tibia and ovipositor, drawn to the same scale, female (T 4611-4). Fig. 5. Antenna, female (T 4611-4). Fig. 6. Mandible, female (T 4611-4).
VOL. 53, NO. 3, JULY 1977 235
head brown to yellowish-brown; antennal scrobes polished; mouth margin dark brown; antenna largely pallid to yellowish-brown, the six funicle segments and club dark brown; thorax with pronotum dark brown; mesoscutum very dark brown with silvery recumbent setae; axillae yellowish-brown; scutellum yellowish, almost as pallid as antennal funicle, contrasting in colour with the strong, dark brown, apical tuft of bristles; legs with all coxae and trochanters pallid; fore leg pale yellowish-brown; middle femur pallid, the tibia brown from near base, fading gradually to pallid near apex; middle tibial spur and tarsus whitish; hind femur dark brown; basal one-third of tibia whitish, remainder dark brown, fading slightly apically; tarsus whitish. Fore wing (Fig. 1) infuscated from near base to apex, the latter not narrowly hyaline; gaster dark brown, the extruded gonostyli Wihitish.
Length: approximately 2.4 mm.
Head in dorsal view (occiput perpendicular) not fully twice as wide as long; ecomita! margin acute, slightly concavely sinuate medially; frontovertex, in this view, long, almost three times as long as wide, about one-fourth head width measured at median ocellus; frontovertex anteriorly not forming an acutely inflexed ledge, but roundly curving to scro- bal impression; orbits separated from occipital margin at least by an ocellar diameter; ocelli in an acute-angled triangle, the lateral pair separated from each other by about 1.5, from the orbits by about 0.5, and from the anterior ocellus by slightly more that 3.0 times, an ocellar diameter; head, in facial view, with scrobes fully confluent, impressed on the face as a small, almost semicircular furrow, the edges of which are rounded, not sharply angled; upper scrobal limits about at lower level of eyes; interscrobal area broad and pro- minent; toruli more than their own length from the clypeal margin, about equidistant from the orbits; mandible (Fig. 6) distinctly tridentate. Antenna (Fig. 5) long and slender; scape long, almost cylindrical, not expanded ventrally; pedicel as long as or a trifle longer than basal funicle segment; funicle six-segmented, the segments each longer than wide; seg- ment | three times, and VI about 1.5 times longer than wide, the latter about twice asbroad as |; club three segmented, shorter than the distal three funicle segments together; funi- cle segments III-VI and all three club segments with rhinaria. Head sparsely setose, witha row of fine, slender setae along each eye margin; sculpture of frontovertex and face finely cellulate-reticulate, not strongly raised, the cells resolvable at 50X magnification.
Thorax about 1.5 times as long as wide, subacutely rounded apically, the posterolateral propodeal angles rounded; pronotum long medially, broadly overlying mesoscutum cau- dally, almost as long as the latter on the midline; exposed part of mesoscutum about twice as wide as long medially; axillae contiguous medially; scutellum long, reaching level of hind margin of propodeum, broadly rounded at apex; propodeum medially about one-third as long as its greatest lateral length; setation dense on exposed part of meso- scutum, especially posteriorly; scutellar tuft strong, with about 20 coarse setae clustered tightly along midline, and a few slender ones nearby; propodeum with up to about four slender setae scattered laterad to each spiracle; sculpture of mesoscutum cellulate- reticulate, more raised than on head, the cells strongly longitudinally orientated; axillae and scutellum with sculptural celis about as wide as long or slightly wider than long.
Legs long and slender; middle tibial spur slightly longer than adjoining tarsal segment. Fore wing (Fig. 1) slender, about four times as long as wide; costal cell broadest towards apex because submarginal vein curves sinuately away from edge of wing; marginal vein straight and very long; postmarginal plainly shorter than stigmal which is knobbed at apex, hardly angled into wing from marginal vein; discal setae coarse in infuscated areas, fine beneath bend of submarginal vein; speculum open caudally, not interrupted, separ- ated from marginal vein by a few setae; longest marginal cilia a little shorter than longest setae on submarginal vein.
Gaster longer than thorax, the cercal plates strongly advanced to about the first one- fourth of length of gaster; tergum X unusual, its apical part narrowly produced to overlie gonostyli for about one-half their length as shown in Fig. 3; ovipositor (Fig. 4), as seen through the derm:in cleared slide-mounted specimens, occupying entire length of gaster, strongly exserted at apex, about twice as long as middle tibia, and almost three times as long as gonostyli; the latter about twice as long as tibial spur. _
Male — Colour much as in female, except for the hyaline fore wing and the scutellum which is dark brown or blackish-brown; base of gaster pallid. Head with frontovertex
236 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST
slightly less than one-half head width (7:3); ocelli in a slightly acute-angled triangle; scu- tellar setation more dense and coarse but without the tuft of setae as in female; antenna (Fig. 2) long and slender, nine-segmented; scape hardly expanded ventrally; pedicel small, much shorter than basal funicle segment; funicle with six slender, subequal segments as shown in Fig. 2; club shorter than the distal two funicle segments together; antennal setation as in Fig. 2; apart from sex characters, male otherwise structurally similar to female.
Material examined: holotype female, 53 paratypes (47 females, 6 males) with the follow- ing collection data: TANZANIA: Arusha, February 1971, H.V. Daly, ex 11 larvae of Ceratina sp. in nest in stem of Sporobolus sp. (South African National Collection of Insects Acces- sion No. T 4611). The types are in the National Collection of insects, Plant Protection Re- search Institute, Pretoria; female paratypes will be deposited on exchange in the United States National Museum, Washington; British Museum (Natural History), London; and Department of Entomology, University of California, Berkeley.
Acknowledgements
We are grateful to Professor Howell Daly, Division of Entomology and Parasitology, Berkeley, California, for permitting the study of
some African Encyrtidae which he collected, and for meeting the page charges of this paper out of his research funds.
Literature Cited
Compere, H. & Annecke, D.P. 1961. Descriptions of parasitic Hymenoptera and comments (Hymenopt.: Aphelinidae, Encyrtidae, Eulophidae). J. Entomol. Soc. S. Afr. 24:17-71.
Hayat, Mohammad, Alam S. Mashhood and Man Mohan, Agarwal. 1975. Indian Insect Types. Alig. Muslim Univ. Public. (Zool. Ser.) Indian Ins. Types. pp. 1-112.
Prinsloo, G.L. & Annecke, D.P. 1976. New Encyrtidae (Hymenoptera) from South West Africa, J. Entomol. Soc. S. Afr. 39:185-199.
Tachikawa, T. 1974. Hosts of the Encyrtidae (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea). Mem. Coll. Agr. Ehime Univ. 19:186-204.
Viggiani, G. 1966. Ricerche sugli Hymenoptera Chalcidoidea VI. Genri e specie nuovi per l’entomofauna italiana (Encyrtidae, Aphelinidae, Mymarommidae). Boll. Lab. Entomol. Agr. Portici 24:84-105. 1970. Note su alcuni Cheiloneurini, con considerazioni sui generi Chei/oneurus Westw., Neoprochiloneurus Vigg. e Procheiloneurus Silv. (Encyrtidae) XIX Ricerche sugli Hymenoptera Chalcidoidea). Boll. Soc. Entomol. Ital. 102:64-69.
Editorial Notice
The editors are attempting to put the Pan-Pacific Entomologist back on schedule, however we are having some problems. The typeface we now use takes approximately 20% less space than the former style. This, coupled with several other factors, means we are in desperate need of manuscripts. We always have need for short notes of less than a full printed page, including book reviews of appropriate subjects.
A New Tetrastichus Parasitizing Tephritid Gall-formers on Chrysothamnus in Idaho!
(Hymenoptera: Eulophidae)
James K. Wangberg Department of Entomology, Texas Tech University, Lubbock 79409
Research on the biology of the Tephritidae causing galls on rabbit- brush, Chrysothamnus spp., in Idaho (Wangberg, 1976) revealed a unique habit for a eulophid wasp commonly parasitizing some of the gall-formers. The wasp was sent to Dr. C. M. Yoshimoto (Biosystema- tics Research Institute, Ottawa, Canada) for determination and the author was informed that it was anew species of Tetrastichus, Walker. It is here described so that biological observations can be reported.
For purposes of comparison and continuity the following descrip- tion is consistent with the format of Burks (1943).
Tetrastichus cecidophagus, new species (Figs. 1-3)
Female.—Dark, corvinus; ventral surface of antennae, apices of femora, tibia and tarsi testaceous. Antennae inserted slightly ventrad of level of ventral margins of compound eyes; apex of scape not reaching level of ventral margin of anterior ocellus; funicle seg- ments subequal in length, club slightly shorter than funicle; length of malar space two- thirds as great as ocellocular line. Pronotum with prominent femoral groove; median lon- gitudinal groove of mesoprescutum evident posteriorly, mesoprescutum as long as wide and bearing a row of three bristles at each lateral margin; submarginal vein of forewing with two dorsal bristles, marginal vein two and two-thirds times as long as stigmal vein; hindwing slightly pointed at apex, width of fringe at posterior margin slightly more than one-fourth as great as width of wing at hamuli. Surface of propodeum finely punctate with median carina; mesal length of propodeum about two-fifths as long as mesoscutellum; propodeal spiracle separated from anterior margin by a space slightly greater than one- half diameter of a spiracle; gaster slightly longer than thorax. Length 1.5mm.
Male.—Unknown.
Types.—-Holotype female: reared from galls of Aciurina bigeloviae (Cockerell) on Chrysothamnus nauseosus (Pallas) Britton collected at Twin Falls, Twin Falls County, Idaho, May 23, 1975, G. Carpenter, collector. Holotype is deposited at the U.S. National Museum, Washington, D.C.
Paratypes: three females reared from separate galls of A. bigeloviae on C. nauseosu collected at Twin Falls, Twin Falls County, Idaho, July 7, 1974: two females reared from separate A. bigeloviae galls on C. nauseosus collected at Lewiston, Nez Perze County, Idaho, May 11 and May 19, 1975 and one female reared from an A. bigeloviae gall collected at the Bruneau Sand Dunes, Owyhee County, Idaho, July 21, 1974, J. Wangberg, collector. Paratypes are deposited in the collections of the California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco and the University of Idaho, Moscow.
‘College of Agricultural Sciences Publication no. T-10-107.
The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 53:237-240. July 1977.
238 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST
This species is near Jetrastichus chlamytis Ashmead (Yoshimoto, 1976 personal communication). Specimens of 7. cecidophagus were compared with Burks’ (1943) description of 7. chlamytis and the fol- lowing differences noted. The gaster of 7. chlamytis is from one and two-thirds to twice as long as the thorax. The gaster of 7. cecidopha- gus is only slightly longer than the thorax. Furthermore, the marginal vein of 7. chlamytis is two and one-quarter times as long as the stigmal vein compared to that of 7. cecidophagus which is two and two-thirds as long.
Biology
During the spring and summer of 1974 and 1975, 7. cecidophagus adults were observed at eight Idaho localities in six counties. Study sites at each locality were characteristically dominated by C. nauseosus or Chrysothamnus viscidiflorus (Hooker) Nuttall. Both species of Chrysothamnus serve as host plants for a variety of tephritid gall-forming species (Wangberg, 1976). Among these species, 7. cecidophagus attacked the following in an endoparasitic fashion: Aciurina bigeloviae (Cockerell), A. ferruginea (Doane), A. maculata (Cole), and two undescribed species of Procecidochares.
Certain aspects concerning the biology of these gall-formers must be presented before it is possible to discuss the parasite. Each tephritid causes the formation of monothalamous galls at the axillary buds of the host plant. Some of these gall-formers are larval over- wintering species. Their galls are typically comprised of thickened tissues and tend to persist on the plant. Others overwinter as eggs. Their galls are primarily leafy structures which lack much thickened tissue and are ephemeral. At maturity, larvae inhabiting galls with thick tissues prepare an exit for adult emergence by tunneling out- ward to a point just beneath the gall’s outer tissue layer. The result is a small ‘“‘window” of thin tissue. Similar habits have been described for other tephritid gall-formers (Uhler, 1951). Exit preparation is un- necessary for those larvae occupying galls with relatively thin tissues because there is no substantial barrier to emerging adults. The thin tissue layer of galls, whether it be extensive as in galls of egg over- wintering species or merely a ‘‘window’”’ in the thickened galls of larval overwintering species, makes the gall-formers vulnerable to parasitization by 7. cecidophagus.
The manner in which 7. cecidophagus adults locate and parasitize their hosts is unlike that recorded for any other gall-insect parasite. The female parasite does not insert her ovipositor to reach the host, but rather gains entrance by chewing a small hole through the thin tissue layer that separates her from the gall cavity. Thus, the mature larva and pupa of larval overwintering species are the only life stages vulnerable to 7. cecidophagus attack, as earlier life stages lie pro-
VOL. 53, NO. 3, JULY 1977 239
ib | {
/
0 .10mm
es at 3 <i 0.20mm
2
Fig. 1. Forewing of Tetrastichus cecidophagus. Fig. 2. Head (lateral view) of 7. cecido- phagus. Fig. 3. Antenna of 7. cecidophagus.
tected inside thickened gall tissue. All larval instars and the pupae of egg overwintering species appear to be vulnerable. Such a habit is similar to Xiphydriophagus meyerinckii (Ratz.), a pteromalid parasite of the alder woodwasp larva, which reaches its host by chewing its way through wood into the host larval chamber (R. R. Askew, 1975 per- sonal communication).
Evidence of this habit was obtained by dissecting several galls and observing a single female adult parasite moving freely inside the gall cavity. Adults were observed from June 21 to July 8, 1974 and from May 19 to July 15, 1975. In each of 20 observations adult parasites were located inside nonemerged tephritid galls. The tephritid was in the pupal stage and there.were no signs of emergence from the
240 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST
puparium. However, each gall had a minute hole in the thin tissue wall, suggesting that a parasitic wasp had entered there.
Following this discovery, a large number of galls possessing entrance holes were collected and their contents examined to con- firm the presence (present or past) of 7. cecidophagus adults. Galls were found to contain an adult parasite, a tephritid pupa with endoparasitic larvae or a dead tephritid pupa. Living unparasitized tephritid larvae or pupae were never recovered from galls possessing entrance holes.
Parasitized tephritid puparia contained large numbers of parasitic larvae (over 50 in some instances). Subsequent rearings yielded adult females of 7. cecidophagus. Males were not recovered from further rearings, gall dissections or field collections. These facts can be attributed to one of two phenomena. This species may be poly- embryonic but such a phenomenon would be exceptional as no eulophid is known to display such a habit; moreover, in parasitic Hymenoptera, the habit is usually, but not always associated with egg parasitism (R. R. Askew, 1975 personal communication). Thus, it seems more plausible that 7. cecidophagus has a thelyotoky form of reproduction and deposits several eggs per host.
Acknowledgements
| would like to thank Dr. C. M. Yoshimoto, (Biosystematics Re- search Institute, Ottawa, Canada) for examining specimens of 7. cecidophagus and informing me that the species was new. Apprecia- tion is also extended to Dr. R. R. Askew (University of Manchester, England) for his comments concerning the biology of parasitic Hymenoptera.
The authorities for insect host and plant host names are Dr. G. C. Steyskal, Systematics Entomology Laboratory, U.S.D.A., and Dr. L. C. Anderson, Florida State University, respectively.
The author gratefully acknowledges the Department of Entomol- ogy, University of Idaho, for providing the research funds which made this study possible.
Literature Cited
Burks, B. D. 1943. . The north American parasitic wasps of the genus Tetrastichus — a contribution to biological control of insect pests. Proc. U. S. Natl. Mus. 93(3170):505-608.
Uhler, Lowell D. 1951. Biology and ecology of the goldenrod gall-fly, Eurosta solia- aginis (Fitch). Memoir 300. Cornell Univ. Agric. Exp. Sta., Ithaca, New York. 51 Pp. J
Wangberg, James K. 1976. Biology of the tephritid gall-formers (Diptera: Tephritidae) on rabbitbrush, Chrysothamnus spp., in Idaho. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Univ. of Idaho, Moscow. 240 pp.
April issue mailed August 15, 1977
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